J/ApJ/929/84ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/929/84doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19290084CDSBaldassare V.F.Stone N.C.Foord A.Gallo E.Ostriker J.P.2024-11-06T20:25:07Z2024-04-09T12:35:58ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fractive-galactic-nucleix-ray-sourcesgalaxy-kinematicsWe analyze Chandra X-ray Observatory imaging of 108 galaxies hosting nuclear star clusters (NSCs) to search for signatures of massive black holes (BHs). NSCs are extremely dense stellar environments with conditions that can theoretically facilitate massive BH formation. Recent work by Stone+ (2017MNRAS.467.4180S) finds that sufficiently dense NSCs should be unstable to the runaway growth of a stellar-mass BH into a massive BH via tidal captures. Furthermore, there is a velocity dispersion threshold (40km/s) above which NSCs should inevitably form a massive BH. To provide an observational test of these theories, we measure X-ray emission from NSCs and compare it to the measured velocity dispersion and tidal capture runaway timescale. We find that NSCs above the 40km/s threshold are X-ray detected at roughly twice the rate of those below (after accounting for contamination from X-ray binaries). These results are consistent with a scenario in which dense, high-velocity NSCs can form massive BHs, providing a formation pathway that does not rely on conditions found only at high redshift.2022ApJ...929...84Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/929/84CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/hst : HST Archived Exposures Catalog (STScI, 2007)B/chandra : The Chandra Archive Log (CXC, 1999-2014)VII/237 : HYPERLEDA. I. Catalog of galaxies (Paturel+, 2003)J/AJ/127/105 : Nuclear star clusters in spiral galaxies (Boker+, 2004)J/ApJS/164/334 : ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. VI (Ferrarese+, 2006)J/ApJ/678/116 : AGNs in nuclear star clusters (Seth+, 2008)J/A+A/502/91 : Proper motions of stars near SgrA* (Schoedel+, 2009)J/ApJ/725/670 : Kinematics in the M32 nucleus (Seth, 2010)J/MNRAS/419/2095 : HMXBs in nearby galaxies (Mineo+, 2012)J/MNRAS/441/3570 : Nuclear star clusters in spiral galaxies (Georgiev+, 2014)J/MNRAS/457/2122 : Nuclear star clusters photometric masses (Georgiev+, 2016)J/ApJ/858/118 : Kinematic data of 3 nearby low-mass galaxies (Nguyen+, 2018)J/ApJS/243/3 : Chandra observations of SINGS galaxies (Lehmer+, 2019)J/MNRAS/487/4285 : Variable AGN candidates catalog (Pouliasis+, 2019)J/ApJ/878/18 : NGVS. XXIII. Nuclear star clusters (Sanchez-Janssen+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/929/84https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/929/84http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/929/84https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/929/84https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/929/84http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/929/84GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/929/84/sample (Galaxies with nuclear star clusters (NSCs) and CXO observations (Table 1) and X-ray properties (Table 2))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/929/84/sample?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/929/84/sample?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/929/84/sample?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true254.76196-60.216060.0055555555555555566/2121 2324 2372 2380 2383 3389 3438 4181 4511 5142 5174 5545 5586 5589-5590 5715 5797 5966 5978 5980 5995 6124 6619 6623 7303 7498 7584 7649 7997 10240 10761 10900-10901 10905 10911 10935 10986 11127 11246 11434 11448 11639 15594 16701 17598 17780 18011 18398 20270 20353 20720 20875 24912 24949 25079 25438 25599 25890 25966 26217 26234 26260 26265 26317 26338 27458 27606 27724 27731 27736 27741 27763 27861 27863 27942-27943 28033 28037 28077 28294 28486 28496 28508 28535 28612 28631 31469 31795 33137 33228 33958 34334 34352 34403 34692 36134 36236 36785 38390 38655 40328 42025 43878 45367 45732 45914 46417 46549https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/929/84?format=asciiX-raydefaultJ/ApJ/929/84/sampleGalaxies with nuclear star clusters (NSCs) and CXO observations (Table 1) and X-ray properties (Table 2)SimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharNEDNED column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharLEDAphys.luminosity;em.X-raycharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameObject identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryBinDisplay the X-ray binary contamination assessment (link to Table 3)meta.ref.urlcharRAJ2000Right Ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainm-M[27.2/33.6] Distance modulus from Georgiev+ (2016, J/MNRAS/457/2122)magphot.mag.distModfloatDist[2.7/50.6] DistanceMpcpos.distancefloatNTC[3e-14/3.3e-7] Tidal capture rate from Stone+ (2017MNRAS.467.4180S)yr**-1time;arith.ratiodoubleSigma[6.8/396] Velocity dispersion from Stone+ (2017MNRAS.467.4180S)km/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloatCore[0/1] Core resolved? from Stone+ (2017MNRAS.467.4180S) (1)meta.codeintObsID[387/21480] Chandra observation identifiermeta.id;obsintExp[1/9583] Exposure timekstime.duration;obs.exposurefloatL0.5-7[36.6/42.3]? Log 0.5-7keV luminosity; erg/slog(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-rayfloatnullableb_L0.5-7[35.9/42.1]? Lower boundary limit in L0.5-7log(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-ray;stat.minfloatnullableB_L0.5-7[36/42.4] Upper boundary limit in L0.5-7log(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-ray;stat.maxfloatL2-10[36.3/42.3]? Log 2-10keV luminosity; erg/slog(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-rayfloatnullableb_L2-10[35.4/42.2]? Lower boundary limit in L2-10log(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-ray;stat.minfloatnullableB_L2-10[36.3/42.4] Upper boundary limit in L2-10log(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-ray;stat.maxfloatDiffDetected X-ray emission was diffuse? (Y)es or (N)ometa.codecharJ/ApJ/929/84/table3X-ray binary contamination assessmentNameObject identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMass[296000000/358000000000] Stellar mass of the galaxysolMassphys.massdoubleSFR[0.029/2.8] Star formation ratesolMass/yrphys.SFRfloatLXRB[36.7/39.5] Log 0.5-8 keV expected XRB luminosity; erg/s (1)log(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-rayfloatLS[36.6/42.3] Log 0.5-8 keV detected source luminosity; erg/slog(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-rayfloatRatio[0.09/3982] Ratio of LS/LXRBphys.luminosity;arith.ratio;em.X-rayfloat