J/ApJ/926/28ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/926/28doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/ba-wy-wCDSGilbertson W.Lehmer B.D.Doore K.Eufrasio R.T.Basu-Zych A.,Brandt W.N.Fragos T.Garofali K.Kovlakas K.Luo B.Tozzi P.,Vito F.Williams B.F.Xue Y.2026-07-02T11:58:28Z2025-04-16T10:46:30ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesspectral-energy-distributionx-ray-binary-starsredshiftedstellar-agesstellar-massesThe Chandra Deep Field-South and North surveys (CDFs) provide unique windows into the cosmic history of X-ray emission from normal (nonactive) galaxies. Scaling relations of normal-galaxy X-ray luminosity (L_X_) with star formation rate (SFR) and stellar mass (M_*_) have been used to show that the formation rates of low-mass and high-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs and HMXBs, respectively) evolve with redshift across z~0-2 following L_HMXB_/SFR{propto}(1+z) and L_LMXB_/M*{propto}(1+z)^2-3^. However, these measurements alone do not directly reveal the physical mechanisms behind the redshift evolution of X-ray binaries (XRBs). We derive star formation histories for a sample of 344 normal galaxies in the CDFs, using spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting of FUV-to-FIR photometric data, and construct a self-consistent, age-dependent model of the X-ray emission from the galaxies. Our model quantifies how X-ray emission from hot gas and XRB populations vary as functions of host stellar-population age. We find that (1) the ratio L_X_/M_*_ declines by a factor of ~1000 from 0 to 10Gyr and (2) the X-ray SED becomes harder with increasing age, consistent with a scenario in which the hot gas contribution to the X-ray SED declines quickly for ages above 10Myr. When dividing our sample into subsets based on metallicity, we find some indication that L_X_/M_*_ is elevated for low-metallicity galaxies, consistent with recent studies of X-ray scaling relations. However, additional statistical constraints are required to quantify both the age and metallicity dependence of X-ray emission from star-forming galaxies.2022ApJ...926...28Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/926/28CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVIII/10 : Bell Laboratories H I Profiles (Stark+ 1992)VIII/28 : Bell Laboratories H I Survey (Stark+ 1992)II/261 : GOODS initial results (Giavalisco+, 2004)J/ApJS/79/77 : Bell Lab. H I Survey - High Velocity Clouds (Stark+ 1992)J/AJ/127/3121 : TKRS catalog of GOODS-North Field (Wirth+, 2004)J/ApJS/155/271 : CDF-South: Optical spectroscopy (Szokoly+, 2004)J/A+A/437/883 : K20 survey: spectroscopic catalogue (Mignoli+, 2005)J/ApJ/653/1004 : Galaxies at 1.4<~z<~3.0 in GOODS-North Field (Reddy+, 2006)J/A+A/465/1099 : Redshift catalog of 691 objects in CDFS (Ravikumar+, 2007)J/A+A/478/83 : GOODS-South Field VLT/FORS2 redshifts. III. (Vanzella+, 2008)J/ApJ/681/1163 : Late-type galaxies in Chandra deep fields (Lehmer+, 2008)J/ApJ/689/687 : GOODS-N spectroscopic survey (Barger+, 2008)J/A+A/512/A12 : VLT/VIMOS spectroscopy in GOODS-South field (Balestra+, 2010)J/ApJS/190/233 : Spectroscopy & abundances of SINGS galaxies (Moustakas+, 2010)J/AJ/141/1 : Spitzer observations of GOODS fields (Teplitz+, 2011)J/MNRAS/419/2095 : HMXBs in nearby galaxies (Mineo+, 2012)J/MNRAS/425/2116 : Arizona CDFS Environment Survey, ACES (Cooper+, 2012)J/ApJ/758/129 : 4Ms Chandra Deep Field South 6-8keV galaxies (Xue+, 2012)J/ApJ/764/41 : X-ray binary evolution across cosmic time (Fragos+, 2013)J/ApJS/207/24 : GOODS-S CANDELS multiwavelength catalog (Guo+, 2013)J/ApJ/776/L31 : Energy feedback from XRB from z=0 to z=19.92 (Fragos+, 2013)J/ApJ/797/91 : X-Ray source properties for NGC 2207/IC 2163 (Mineo+, 2014)J/ApJS/224/15 : Improved 2Ms and 250ks Chandra catalogs (Xue+, 2016)J/ApJ/825/7 : Evolution of ~6Ms CDF-S galaxies (Lehmer+, 2016)J/ApJS/228/2 : Chandra Deep Field-South survey: 7Ms sources (Luo+, 2017)J/ApJ/853/172 : "Super-deblended" dust emission in galaxies. I. (Liu+, 2018)J/ApJS/234/23 : The WISE AGN candidates catalogs (Assef+, 2018)J/MNRAS/483/711 : Sub-galactic X-ray scaling relations (Anastasopoulou+, 2019)J/ApJS/243/3 : Chandra observations of SINGS galaxies (Lehmer+, 2019)J/ApJS/243/22 : CANDELS/SHARDS multiwavelength cat. in GOODS-N (Barro+, 2019)J/ApJ/887/20 : Deep Chandra survey of the SMC. III. HMXBs (Antoniou+, 2019)J/A+A/637/A12 : Northern disk of M31 XMM-Newton images (Kavanagh+, 2020)J/ApJS/248/31 : HST & Chandra obs. of elliptical galaxies (Lehmer+, 2020)J/MNRAS/498/4790 : ULX sources in local Universe (Kovlakas+, 2020)J/ApJ/906/120 : X-Ray binary population in M31 (Lazzarini+, 2021)J/ApJ/907/17 : HMXB-dominant galaxy sample and properties (Lehmer+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/926/28https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/926/28http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/926/28https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/926/28https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/926/28http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/926/28GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/926/28/table2 (Physical properties of our sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/926/28/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/926/28/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/926/28/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true53.0892917-27.81718330.0055555555555555566/11252 35935https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/926/28?format=asciiX-raydefaultJ/ApJ/926/28/table2Physical properties of our samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameGalaxy name (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.ss or JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)meta.id;meta.maincharz[0.08/3.11] Redshiftsrc.redshiftfloatSFH1[0.03/324] 0-10Myr SFR, median {psi} (1)solMass/yrphys.SFRfloate_SFH1[0.02/52] SFH1 16%-84% confidence intervalsolMass/yrstat.error;phys.SFRfloatSFH2[0.06/321] 10-31.6Myr SFR, median {psi} (1)solMass/yrphys.SFRfloate_SFH2[0.04/132] SFH2 16%-84% confidence intervalsolMass/yrstat.error;phys.SFRfloatSFH3[0.07/339] 31.6-100Myr SFR, median {psi} (1)solMass/yrphys.SFRfloate_SFH3[0.04/134] SFH3 16%-84% confidence intervalsolMass/yrstat.error;phys.SFRfloate_SFR[0.03/96] SFR uncertaintysolMass/yrstat.error;phys.SFRfloatSFH4[0.05/319] 0.1-0.316Gyr SFR, median {psi} (1)solMass/yrphys.SFRfloate_SFH4[0.03/110] SFH4 16%-84% confidence intervalsolMass/yrstat.error;phys.SFRfloatSFH5[0.03/169] 0.316-1Gyr SFR, median {psi} (1)solMass/yrphys.SFRfloate_SFH5[0.02/73] SFH5 16%-84% confidence intervalsolMass/yrstat.error;phys.SFRfloatSFH6[0.01/86]? 1-3.16Gyr SFR, median {psi} (1)(2)solMass/yrphys.SFRfloatnullablee_SFH6[0.01/30]? SFH6 16%-84% confidence intervalsolMass/yrstat.error;phys.SFRfloatnullableSFH7[0.01/4.4]? 3.16-10Gyr SFR, median {psi} (1)(2)solMass/yrphys.SFRfloatnullablee_SFH7[0.01/1.6]? SFH7 16%-84% confidence intervalsolMass/yrstat.error;phys.SFRfloatnullableLX[4e+39/2.6e+42]? The 0.5-8keV luminosity for X-ray-detected galaxies in erg/s1e-07Wphys.luminosity;em.X-raydoublenullableSFR[0.06/318] Star formation rate; as defined in Section 3.1solMass/yrphys.SFRfloatMass[6.7e+7/1.7e+11] Total current stellar mass, M_*_solMassphys.massdoublee_Mass[2.3e+7/5e+10] Mass uncertaintysolMassstat.error;phys.massdoubleCtSB1[0/40] Observed source counts for SB1ctphot.count;em.X-rayfloatCtSB1bg[2.4/10.4] Background count estimate for SB1ctinstr.background;phot.count;em.X-rayfloatApSB1[1/1.4] Aperture correction for SB1arcsecinstr.fovfloatExpSB1[1e+06/6.6e+06] Exposure time for SB1time.duration;obs.exposuredoubleCtSB2[0.4/52] Observed source counts for SB2ctphot.count;em.X-rayfloatCtSB2bg[3.3/19] Background count estimate for SB2ctinstr.background;phot.count;em.X-rayfloatApSB2[1/1.4] Aperture correction for SB2arcsecinstr.fovfloatExpSB2[1e+06/6.7e+06] Exposure time for SB2time.duration;obs.exposuredouble_RAPositions from GOODS names (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from GOODS names (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main