J/ApJ/925/39ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/925/39doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19250039CDSTobin J.J.Offner S.S.R.Kratter K.M.Megeath S.T.Sheehan P.D.,Looney L.W.Diaz-Rodriguez A.K.Osorio M.Anglada G.Sadavoy S.I.,Furlan E.Segura-Cox D.Karnath N.van 't Hoff M.L.R.,van Dishoeck E.F.Li Z.-Y.Sharma R.Stutz A.M.Tychoniec L.2025-05-22T20:11:55Z2023-09-28T12:26:03ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fryoung-stellar-objectsmolecular-cloudsmillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomymultiple-starsstellar-distanceWe characterize protostellar multiplicity in the Orion molecular clouds using Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array 0.87mm and Very Large Array 9mm continuum surveys toward 328 protostars. These observations are sensitive to projected spatial separations as small as ~20au, and we consider source separations up to 104au as potential companions. The overall multiplicity fraction (MF) and companion fraction (CF) for the Orion protostars are 0.30+/-0.03 and 0.44+/-0.03, respectively, considering separations from 20 to 104au. The MFs and CFs are corrected for potential contamination by unassociated young stars using a probabilistic scheme based on the surface density of young stars around each protostar. The companion separation distribution as a whole is double peaked and inconsistent with the separation distribution of solar-type field stars, while the separation distribution of Flat Spectrum protostars is consistent solar-type field stars. The multiplicity statistics and companion separation distributions of the Perseus star-forming region are consistent with those of Orion. Based on the observed peaks in the Class 0 separations at ~100au and ~103au, we argue that multiples with separations <500au are likely produced by both disk fragmentation and turbulent fragmentation with migration, and those at >=103au result primarily from turbulent fragmentation. We also find that MFs/CFs may rise from Class 0 to Flat Spectrum protostars between 100 and 103au in regions of high young stellar object density. This finding may be evidence for the migration of companions from >103au to <103au, and that some companions between 103 and 104au must be (or become) unbound.2022ApJ...925...39Thttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/925/39CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)VII/233 : The 2MASS Extended sources (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)J/AJ/134/2272 : Visual binaries in Orion Nebula Cluster (Reipurth+, 2007)J/ApJ/675/491 : Lynds 988e JHKs and IRAC photometry (Allen+, 2008)J/ApJ/692/973 : Protostars in Perseus, Serpens and Ophiuchus (Enoch+, 2009)J/ApJS/190/1 : A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)J/ApJ/731/8 : Multiple star formation in Taurus-Auriga (Kraus+, 2011)J/ApJ/751/115 : Millimeter em. from Taurus binary systems (Harris+, 2012)J/AJ/144/192 : Spitzer survey of Orion A and B. I. YSOs (Megeath+, 2012)J/ApJ/764/114 : BVRI photometry of stars in Orion A (Hsu+, 2013)J/other/Nat/493.378 : LRL 54361 Spitzer light curves (Muzerolle+, 2013)J/ApJ/767/36 : APEX observations of HOPS protostars (Stutz+, 2013)J/MNRAS/449/2618 : M-dwarfs in Multiples (MinMs) survey. I. (Ward-Duong+, 2015)J/ApJ/828/46 : ALMA survey of Lupus protopl. disks. I. (Ansdell+, 2016)J/ApJS/224/5 : Herschel Orion Protostar Survey (HOPS): SEDs (Furlan+, 2016)J/ApJ/821/52 : NIR survey of Spitzer YSOs in Orion MoC (Kounkel+, 2016)J/A+A/587/A47 : SMA 1.3mm image of OMC 1 North (Teixeira+, 2016)J/ApJ/818/73 : Study of protostars in the Perseus MoC (Tobin+, 2016)J/ApJ/846/144 : Virial analysis of the dense cores in Orion A (Kirk+, 2017)J/ApJ/834/142 : Gould's Belt Distances Survey. II. OMC (Kounkel+, 2017)J/MNRAS/469/3881 : Embedded binaries and their dense cores (Sadavoy+, 2017)J/AJ/156/84 : APOGEE-2 survey of Orion Complex. II. (Kounkel+, 2018)J/ApJ/865/73 : GOBELINS. V. Kinematics of Perseus (Ortiz-Leon+, 2018)J/ApJ/872/158 : Class II sources in Taurus with ALMA (Akeson+, 2019)J/AJ/157/196 : Close companions around young stars (Kounkel+, 2019)J/AJ/157/216 : Stellar mult. rate of M dwarfs within 25pc (Winters+, 2019)J/ApJ/890/130 : VANDAM survey of Orion protostars. II. (Tobin+, 2020)J/A+A/640/A27 : Protoplanetary disk masses in NGC 2024 (van Terwisga+, 2020)J/ApJ/911/153 : HST NIR images of protostars in Orion (Habel+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/925/39https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/925/39http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/925/39https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/925/39https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/925/39http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/925/39GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/925/39/table1 (Orion catalog)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/925/39/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/925/39/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/925/39/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true87.89411252.946113890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/925/39/table2 (Perseus catalog)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/925/39/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/925/39/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/925/39/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true56.9232958332.862130560.0055555555555555566/857-860 862 881 1539 1542 1544 21403 21425 21427-21428 21430 21435-21436 21438-21439 22804-22805 22854-22855 22861 22866 22873 22876 23560 23562https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/925/39?format=asciiMillimeterdefaultJ/ApJ/925/39/table1Orion catalogMainMain Source identifiermeta.idcharRAJ2000[5/5] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[0/8] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainLBol[0.02/1405]? Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloatnullableTBol[23/914]? Bolometric temperatureKphys.temperaturefloatnullableClassProtostar classification (1)src.classcharsigYSO[0.7/2789] Local YSO surface densitypc**-2phot.flux.density.sbfloatDist[351/441.1] Distancepcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatPapII-almaDisplay data from Paper II (Tobin+ 2020 J/ApJ/890/130, table2)meta.ref.urlintnullablePapII-vlaDisplay data from Paper II (Tobin+ 2020 J/ApJ/890/130, table4)meta.ref.urlintnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDSource identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableJ/ApJ/925/39/table2Perseus catalogrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDSource identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharMainMain Source identifiermeta.idcharRAJ2000[3] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[30/32] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainLBol[0.07/55.3]? Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloatnullableTBol[14.7/5000]? Bolometric temperatureKphys.temperaturefloatnullableClassClassification (1)src.classcharsigYSO[0.6/668.5] Local YSO surface densitypc**-2phot.flux.density.sbfloatSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableJ/ApJ/925/39/table3Orion protostar pairingsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintPairSource pair identifiersmeta.id;meta.maincharASep[0.05/23.8] Angular separationarcsecpos.angDistancefloate_ASep[0.001/0.04] Uncertainty in ASeparcsecstat.errorfloatPSep[21.8/10000] Physical separationAUpos.angDistancefloate_PSep[0.2/16] Uncertainty in PSepAUstat.errorfloatlog0.87FR[-2.1/-0.01]? log F1/F2 flux ratio at 0.87mm (1)phot.flux;em.mm.200-400GHz;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_log0.87FR[0/0.5]? Uncertainty in log0.87FRstat.errorfloatnullablelog9FR[-1.6/0]? log F1/F2 flux ratio at 9mm (1)phot.flux;em.mm.30-50GHz;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_log9FR[0.01/0.7]? Uncertainty in log9FRstat.errorfloatnullableProb[0.36/1]? Probability (2)stat.probabilityfloatnullableClassClassifications (3)src.classcharJ/ApJ/925/39/table4Perseus protostar pairingse_PSep[0.3/12] Uncertainty in PSepAUstat.errorfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintASep[0.08/32] Angular separationarcsecpos.angDistancefloate_ASep[0.001/0.04] Uncertainty in ASeparcsecstat.errorfloatPSep[24/9586] Physical separationAUpos.angDistancefloatlog9FR[-1.1/-0.02]? log F1/F2 flux ratio at 9mm (1)phot.flux;em.mm.30-50GHz;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_log9FR[0.02/0.2]? Uncertainty in log9FRstat.errorfloatnullableProb[0.39/1]? Probability (2)stat.probabilityfloatnullableClassClassifications (3)src.classcharPairSource pair identifiersmeta.id;meta.mainchar