J/ApJ/924/L30ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/924/L30doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19249030CDSMroz P.Otarola A.Prince T.A.Dekany R.Duev D.A.Graham M.J.,Groom S.L.Masci F.J.Medford M.S.2023-10-17T10:33:05Z2023-09-13T14:20:54ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsurveysinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomyphotometryspace-observatoriesobservational-astronomyThere is a growing concern about an impact of low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellite constellations on ground-based astronomical observations, in particular, on wide-field surveys in the optical and infrared. The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), thanks to the large field of view of its camera, provides an ideal setup to study the effects of LEO megaconstellations-such as SpaceX's Starlink-on astronomical surveys. Here, we analyze the archival ZTF observations collected between 2019 November and 2021 September and find 5301 satellite streaks that can be attributed to Starlink satellites. We find that the number of affected images is increasing with time as SpaceX deploys more satellites. Twilight observations are particularly affected-a fraction of streaked images taken during twilight has increased from less than 0.5% in late 2019 to 18% in 2021 August. We estimate that once the size of the Starlink constellation reaches 10000, essentially all ZTF images taken during twilight may be affected. However, despite the increase in satellite streaks observed during the analyzed period, the current science operations of ZTF are not yet strongly affected. We also find that redesigning Starlink satellites (by installing visors intended to block sunlight from reaching the satellite antennas to prevent reflection) reduces their brightness by a factor of 4.6+/-0.1 with respect to the original design in g, r, and i bands.2022ApJ...924L..30Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/924/L30CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/788/48 : X-ray through NIR photometry of NGC 2617 (Shappee+, 2014)J/ApJS/249/18 : The ZTF catalog of periodic variable stars (Chen+, 2020)J/ApJ/902/48 : ZTF early obs. of type Ia supernovae. III. (Bulla+, 2020)J/ApJ/904/155 : gri photometry for 32 kilonovae with ZTF (Andreoni+, 2020)J/ApJ/905/58 : Local universe with ZTF. I. Ca-rich gap transients (De+, 2020)J/ApJ/905/145 : ZTF cand. counterparts to 13 GW follow-up (Kasliwal+, 2020)J/ApJ/912/46 : ZTF Type II supernovae with follow-up obs. (Bruch+, 2021)J/ApJ/912/125 : Variable white dwarfs from Gaia & ZTF phot. (Guidry+, 2021)J/ApJ/922/33 : Periodic dwarf carbon stars from ZTF & Gaia (Roulston+, 2021)J/AJ/162/63 : ZTF LCs of 51 stars in 12 globular clusters (Ngeow+, 2021)J/AJ/162/94 : Cataclysmic variables in ZTF 2nd year (Szkody+, 2021)J/AJ/163/263 : 323 YSOs properties with ZTF (Hillenbrand+, 2022)J/AJ/164/251 : ZTF measured rot. period of 40553 M- or G-dwarfs (Lu+, 2022)J/A+A/657/A64 : Supernovae ZTF light curves (Sollerman+, 2022)J/A+A/675/A195 : ZTF DR11 classification in ZTF/4MOST sky (Sanchez-Saez+, 2023)http://planet4589.org/space/con/star/stats.html : Starlink summary statushttp://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/jasonreportconstellations/ : Impactshttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/924/L30https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/924/L30http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/924/L30https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/924/L30https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/924/L30http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/924/L30GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/924/L30/table1ZTF observations of Starlink satellitesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSatellite namemeta.id;meta.maincharJDJulian Date of the start of the exposuredtime.epochdoubleFilt[gri] Filter namemeta.id;instr.filtercharmag[-0.55/10.37] Apparent magnitude in filtermagphot.magfloate_mag[0.02/1.3] Uncertainty in magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatAngVel[0.139/1.31] Mean angular velocity of the satellitedeg/sphys.veloc.ang;stat.meanfloatRange[302.5/1752] Rangekmpos.distance;src.orbitaldoubleel-sun[-33/-11.8] Elevation of the Sundegpos.az.altfloataz-sun[29.3/333.5] Azimuth of the Sundegpos.az.azifloatal-sat[10.6/88.5] Elevation of the center of the satellite traildegpos.az.altfloataz-sat[0.8/359.3] Azimuth of the center of the satellite traildegpos.az.azifloatlam0[-135/-104] Longitude of the subsatellite pointdegpos.framedoublephi0[24.3/42.4] Latitude of the subsatellite pointdegpos.framefloatalt[233.9/575.6] Altitude of the satellitekmpos.earth.altitude;instr.obstyfloat