J/ApJ/923/263ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/923/263doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19230263CDSTowner A.P.M.Brogan C.L.Hunter T.R.Cyganowski C.J.2023-10-06T10:38:33Z2023-08-01T09:28:34ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frradio-continuum-emissionstar-forming-regionsastrophysical-masersradio-astronomyWe have observed a sample of nine Extended Green Objects (EGOs) at 1.3 and 5cm with the Very Large Array (VLA) with subarcsecond resolution and ~7-14{mu}Jy/beam-sensitivities in order to characterize centimeter continuum emission as it first appears in these massive protoclusters. We find an EGO-associated continu um emission --within 1" of the extended 4.5{mu}m emission-- in every field, which is typically faint (order 10^1^-10^2^{mu}Jy) and compact (unresolved at 0.3"-0.5"). The derived spectral indices of our 36 total detections are consistent with a wide array of physical processes, including both non-thermal (19% of detections) and thermal free-free processes (e.g., ionized jets and compact HII regions, 78% of sample) and warm dust (1 source). We also find an EGO-associated 6.7GHz CH_3_OH and 22GHz H_2_O maser emission in 100% of the sample and a NH_3_(3,3) masers in ~45%; we do not detect any NH_3_(6,6) masers at ~5.6mJy/beam sensitivity. We find statistically-significant correlations between Lradio and Lbol at two physical scales and three frequencies, consistent with thermal emission from ionized jets, but no correlation between L_H2O_ and L_radio_ for our sample. From these data, we conclude that EGOs likely host multiple different centimeter continuum-producing processes simultaneously. Additionally, at our ~1000au resolution, we find that all EGOs except G18.89-0.47 contain 1~2 massive sources based on the presence of CH_3_OH maser groups, which is consistent with our previous work suggesting that these are typical massive protoclusters, in which only one to a few of the young stellar objects are massive.2021ApJ...923..263Thttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/923/263CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/463/205 : CS and NH3 Survey of H2O Maser Emission (Anglada+ 1996)J/A+A/403/1095 : Methanol masers survey of low-mass YSO (Minier+, 2003)J/AJ/136/2391 : GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects catalog (Cyganowski+, 2008)J/ApJ/702/1615 : CH_3_OH maser survey of EGOs (Cyganowski+, 2009)J/MNRAS/418/1689 : Red MSX water maser and ammonia emissions (Urquhart+, 2011)J/AN/333/634 : Torun methanol source catalogue (Szymczak+, 2012)J/ApJ/764/61 : Water maser & NH3 survey of GLIMPSE EGOs (Cyganowski+, 2013)J/ApJ/783/130 : Parallaxes of high mass star forming regions (Reid+, 2014)J/A+A/568/A41 : ATLASGAL Compact Source Catalog: 280<l<60 (Urquhart+, 2014)J/ApJ/832/187 : ALMA & VLA radio continuum obs. of NGC 6334I (Brogan+, 2016)J/ApJS/227/25 : Deep VLA obs. toward 58 high-mass SFRs (Rosero+, 2016)J/A+A/602/A77 : HOBYS: 46 MDCs found in NGC 6334 (Tige+, 2017)J/MNRAS/474/219 : 6.7 GHz methanol masers observations (Szymczak+, 2018)J/MNRAS/473/1059 : Complete sample of Gal. clump properties (Urquhart+, 2018)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/923/263https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/923/263http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/923/263https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/923/263https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/923/263http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/923/263GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/923/263/table1 (Extended Green Object (EGO) source properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/263/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/263/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/263/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true272.205417-20.0991670.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/923/263/table4 (Properties of centimeter continuum sources)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/263/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/263/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/263/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true272.2056625-20.0997050.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/923/263/table5 (Extended centimeter continuum sources: flux density not recoverable in one or both bands)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/263/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/263/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/263/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true272.2125-20.10027780.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/923/263/table6 (Summary of maser emission)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/263/table6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/263/table6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/263/table6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true272.20567917-20.099711110.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/923/263/table7 (2D Gaussian fit results)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/263/table7?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/263/table7?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/263/table7?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true272.2056775-20.0997119440.0055555555555555566/29091 29101 29113 29508 29510 29529 302563.972891348526667e-24 1.5273089854030973e-23https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/923/263?format=asciiRadiodefaultJ/ApJ/923/263/table1Extended Green Object (EGO) source propertiesSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNcsNumber of continuum sources detected for this EGO (link to Table 4)meta.numberintnullableNsNumber of continuum sources with flux density not recoverable in one or both bands for this EGO (link to Table 5)meta.numberintnullableEGOEGO source namemeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryRAJ2000[18] Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[3/20] Degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainVlsr[12/87] Local Standard of Rest velocity (1)km/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrintDist[1.6/4.8] Distance (2)kpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloate_Dist[0.2/0.7] Dist uncertaintykpcstat.errorfloatplx[1.13/1.83]? Parallax distance (3)maspos.parallax.trigfloatnullablee_plx[0.07/0.11]? plx lower uncertaintymasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatnullableE_plx[0.08/0.14]? plx upper uncertaintymasstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullableR14Display data from Reid+ 2014, J/ApJ/783/130meta.ref.urlintnullableMcl[59/806] Clump mass (4)solMassphys.massintTdust[22/29] Dust temperature (5)Kphys.temperatureinte_Tdust[1/2] Tdust uncertaintyKstat.errorintLbol[1.29/28.1] Bolometric luminosity (6)solLumphys.luminosityfloate_Lbol[0.26/4.1] Lbol median absolute deviationsolLumstat.errorfloatLbol/Mcl[3/35] Lbol to Mclump ratiosolLum/solMassphys.composition.massLightRatiointNmNumber of maser emissions for this EGO (link to Table 6)meta.numberintnullableJ/ApJ/923/263/table4Properties of centimeter continuum sourcesEGOEGO Source Namemeta.id.parentcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000[18] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000) (2)pos.eq.ra;meta.maine_RAJ2000[4e-05/0.004] Uncertainty in RAs (2)sstat.error;pos.eq.radoubleDEJ2000[3/20] Degree of Declination (J2000) (2)pos.eq.dec;meta.maine_DEJ2000[0.0005/0.1] Uncertainty in DEs (2)arcsecstat.error;pos.eq.decfloatF1.3cm[41/2633] 1.3cm FluxuJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.12-30GHzinte_F1.3cm[11/133]? Uncertainty in F1.3cmuJystat.errorintnullableS1.3cm-a[69/5500]? 1.3cm Size, major axismasphys.angSize;em.radio.12-30GHzintnullableS1.3cm-b[34/440]? 1.3cm Size, minor axismasphys.angSize;em.radio.12-30GHzintnullableS1.3cm-pa[34/179]? 1.3cm Size, position angledegpos.posAngintnullableF5cm[22/2147] 5cm FluxuJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.3-6GHzinte_F5cm[5/77]? Uncertainty in F5cmuJystat.errorintnullableS5cm-a[73/5600]? 5cm Size, major axismasphys.angSize;em.radio.3-6GHzintnullableS5cm-b[47/47]? 5cm Size, minor axismasphys.angSize;em.radio.3-6GHzintnullableS5cm-pa[155/155]? 5cm Size, position angledegpos.posAngintnullablealpha[-0.42/2.25] Spectral indexspect.indexfloate_alpha[0.05/0.3]? Uncertainty in alphastat.error;pos.eq.rafloatnullableNameSource Name (1)meta.id;meta.maincharl_F1.3cmLimit flag on F1.3cmmeta.code.errorcharf_S1.3cmResolved flag on S1.3cm (3)meta.codecharl_S1.3cmLimit flag on S1.3cmmeta.code.errorcharl_F5cmLimit flag on F5cmmeta.code.errorcharf_S5cmResolved flag on S5cm (3)meta.codecharl_S5cmLimit flag on S5cmmeta.code.errorcharl_alphaLimit flag on alphameta.code.error;pos.eq.racharJ/ApJ/923/263/table5Extended centimeter continuum sources: flux density not recoverable in one or both bandsEGOEGO Source Namemeta.id.parentcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSource Name (1)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[18]? 1.3cm Hour of Right Ascension (J2000) (2)pos.eq.ranullableDEJ2000[20]? 1.3cm Degree of Declination (J2000) (2)pos.eq.decnullableS1.3cm-a[7/48]? 1.3cm Size, major axisarcsecphys.angSize;em.radio.12-30GHzintnullableS1.3cm-b[4/24]? 1.3cm Size, minor axisarcsecphys.angSize;em.radio.12-30GHzintnullableRA5[18]? 5cm Hour of Right Ascension (J2000) (2)pos.eq.ranullableDE5[3/20]? 5cm Degree of Declination (J2000) (2)pos.eq.decnullableS5cm-a[7/58]? 5cm Size, major axisarcsecphys.angSize;em.radio.3-6GHzintnullableS5cm-b[3/31]? 5cm Size, minor axisarcsecphys.angSize;em.radio.3-6GHzintnullableRefADS bibcode of reference (3)meta.bib.bibcodechar_RAPositions from 1.3cm peak; except for G28.83-0.25 (5cm peak) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from 1.3cm peak; except for G28.83-0.25 (5cm peak) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/923/263/table6Summary of maser emissionEGOEGO Source Namemeta.id.parentcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintEpoch[2018.1/2019.6] Observational epoch (2)time.epochfloatRAJ2000[18]? Hour of Right Ascension (J2000) (4)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainnullablee_RAJ2000[0.001/2.7]? Uncertainty in RAs (4)arcsecstat.error;pos.eq.rafloatnullableDEJ2000[3/20]? Degree of Declination (J2000) (4)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullablee_DEJ2000[0.001/2.4]? Uncertainty in DEs (4)arcsecstat.error;pos.eq.decfloatnullabledRA[0.001/3.41]? Angular spread, right ascension (5)arcsecpos.eq.ra;arith.difffloatnullabledDE[0.002/2.8]? Angular spread, declination (5)arcsecpos.eq.dec;arith.difffloatnullableVmin[-34.3/87.8]? Minimum velocity, >4{sigma} maser emission detectedkm/sphys.veloc;stat.minfloatnullableVmax[-4/101.8]? Maximum velocity, >4{sigma} maser emission detectedkm/sphys.veloc;stat.maxfloatnullableVpeak[-5.8/87.8]? Velocity at which the brightest maser spot in each group appears (6)km/sphys.velocfloatnullableSpeak[0.02/61.4]? Integrated flux density of the brightest maser spot in each group (6)Jyphot.flux.density;em.radiofloatnullablee_Speak[0.005/0.1]? Uncertainty in Speak (6)Jystat.errorfloatnullableNfNumber of Gaussian fit results for this maser (link to Table 7)meta.numberintnullableMaserMaser species (1)meta.id;phys.molcharGroupGroup name (3)meta.idcharJ/ApJ/923/263/table72D Gaussian fit resultsEGOEGO Source Namemeta.id.parentcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMaserMaser speciesmeta.id;phys.molcharEpochDate of first observationtime.epochnullableN[1/570] Running number for fit (1)meta.id;meta.mainintGroupGroup name (2)meta.idcharVel[-34.3/96.8] Velocity fit channel (3)km/sphys.velocfloatRAJ2000[18] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000) (4)pos.eq.ra;meta.maine_RAJ2000[0/0.2] Uncertainty in RAs (4)arcsecstat.error;pos.eq.radoubleDEJ2000[3/20] Degree of Declination (J2000) (4)pos.eq.dec;meta.maine_DEJ2000[0/0.3] Uncertainty in DEs (4)arcsecstat.error;pos.eq.decfloatFlux[-0.03/61.6] Integrated flux density of maser spotJyphot.flux.density;em.radiodoublee_Flux[-0.02/0.1] Uncertainty in FluxJystat.error;phot.fluxdouble