J/ApJ/922/177ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/922/177doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19220177CDSMassey P.Neugent K.F.Dorn-Wallenstein T.Z.Eldridge J.J.,Stanway E.R.Levesque E.M.2024-10-07T20:11:20Z2023-05-02T13:11:56ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgiant-starsinfrared-photometrystellar-spectral-typeseffective-temperaturemagellanic-cloudsvisible-astronomyDespite the many successes that modern massive star evolutionary theory has enjoyed, reproducing the apparent trend in the relative number of red supergiants (RSGs) and Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars has remained elusive. Previous estimates show the RSG/WR ratio decreasing strongly with increasing metallicity. However, the evolutionary models have always predicted a relatively flat distribution for the RSG/WR ratio. In this paper we reexamine this issue, drawing on recent surveys for RSGs and WRs in the Magellanic Clouds, M31, and M33. The RSG surveys have used Gaia astrometry to eliminate foreground contamination and have separated RSGs from asymptotic giant branch stars using near-infrared colors. The surveys for WRs have utilized interference-filter imaging, photometry, and image subtraction techniques to identify candidates, which have then been confirmed spectroscopically. After carefully matching the observational criteria to the models, we now find good agreement in both the single-star Geneva and binary BPASS models with the new observations. The agreement is better when we shift the RSG effective temperatures derived from J-Ks photometry downwards by 200K in order to agree with the Levesque TiO effective temperature scale. In an appendix we also present a source list of RSGs for the SMC which includes effective temperatures and luminosities derived from near-infrared 2MASS photometry, in the same manner as used for the other galaxies.2021ApJ...922..177Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/922/177CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toIII/77 : Copernicus 0.2-A Resolution Far-UV Stellar Spectra (Snow+ 1977)II/236 : UBVR CCD survey of the Magellanic clouds (Massey+, 2002)II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/A+AS/96/269 : Stellar Models from 0.8 to 120 Msolar (Schaller+, 1992)J/A+AS/98/523 : Grids of stellar models. II. (Schaerer+ 1993)J/A+AS/101/415 : Grids of stellar models III. (Charbonnel+ 1993)J/A+AS/102/339 : Grids of stellar models IV (Schaerer+, 1993)J/A+AS/103/97 : Grids of stellar models V. (Meynet+ 1994)J/AJ/116/180 : Magellanic clouds ultraviolet observations (Parker+ 1998)J/AJ/116/1275 : UBV photometry in 5 fields of the LMC (Dolphin+, 1998)J/ApJ/505/793 : New WR star in M33 (Massey+, 1998)J/A+A/361/1023 : {alpha}-enhanced star evolution models (Salasnich+ 2000)J/AJ/126/2867 : Red supergiants in Magellanic Clouds (Massey+, 2003)J/AJ/127/1531 : Star formation history of SMC (Harris+, 2004)J/ApJ/648/580 : Rotational velocities in 19 open clusters (Huang+, 2006)J/AJ/131/2478 : M31 and M33 UBVRI photometry (Massey+, 2006)J/ApJS/178/247 : H{alpha} & [NII] survey in local 11Mpc (Kennicutt+, 2008)J/ApJ/675/1213 : Abundances in M33 HII regions (Rosolowsky+, 2008)J/AJ/138/1243 : The star formation history of the LMC (Harris+, 2009)J/A+A/496/841 : VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars (Hunter+, 2009)J/ApJ/722/605 : A stellar rotation census of B stars (Huang+, 2010)J/A+A/512/A63 : Abundances of M33 HII regions (Magrini+, 2010)J/AJ/142/103 : Cool evolved stars in SAGE-SMC & SAGE-LMC (Boyer+, 2011)J/ApJ/733/123 : The Wolf-Rayet content of M33 (NGC 598) (Neugent+, 2011)J/A+A/537/A146 : Stellar models with rot. 0.8<M<120 (Ekstrom+, 2012)J/ApJ/749/177 : Yellow and red supergiants in the LMC (Neugent+, 2012)J/ApJ/750/97 : The yellow and red supergiants of M33 (Drout+, 2012)J/ApJ/758/133 : Metallicity of M31 HII regions & PNe (Sanders+, 2012)J/ApJ/759/11 : Wolf-Rayet content of M31 (Neugent+, 2012)J/other/Sci/337.444 : RV curves of Galactic massive O stars (Sana+, 2012)J/ApJ/764/21 : Stellar evolutionary models, 13-120Msun (Chieffi+, 2013)J/A+A/550/A107 : RV catalogue of O stars in 30 Doradus (Sana+, 2013)J/A+A/558/A103 : Stellar models with rot. 0.8<M<120 (Georgy+, 2013)J/A+A/558/A134 : VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. 30 Dor (Doran+, 2013)J/ApJ/789/10 : M33 WR and Of-type Stars (Neugent+, 2014)J/AJ/149/26 : Massive binary stars from HST/FGS (Aldoretta+, 2015)J/MNRAS/449/639 : VMC survey. XIV. SFR in SMC (Rubele+, 2015)J/AJ/152/62 : LGGS UBVRI phot. of M31 and M33 stars (Massey+, 2016)J/MNRAS/466/4540 : SUMaC I (Hagen+, 2017)J/A+A/618/A137 : MC cool supergiants spectra (Dorda+, 2018)J/A+A/615/A78 : Spectral models for binary products (Goetberg+, 2018)J/ApJS/237/13 : Models & yields of massive stars (Limongi+, 2018)J/ApJ/863/181 : The fifth cat. of LMC Wolf-Rayet stars (Neugent+, 2018)J/A+A/627/A24 : Stellar models with rot. 1.7<M<120 (Groh+, 2019)J/ApJ/875/124 : Bin. red supergiants. II. B companions (Neugent+, 2019)J/A+A/629/A91 : A source catalog for the SMC (Yang+, 2019)J/ApJ/898/85 : CII emission-line stars in LMC with MagE (Margon+, 2020)J/ApJ/900/118 : RSGs in LMC & spectra for LMC & SMC (Neugent+, 2020)J/ApJ/889/44 : UKIRT obs. of red supergiants in M31 (Neugent+, 2020)J/A+A/635/A29 : Mult. of red supergiants in NGC 330 (Patrick+, 2020)J/AJ/161/79 : Red supergiant stars in M31 and M33 (Massey+, 2021)J/ApJ/907/18 : Red Supergiants in M31 & M33. I. (Ren+, 2021)J/ApJS/253/53 : PHATTER. I. 22 million stars in M33 (Williams+, 2021)J/A+A/647/A167 : Using H-bump to identify RSGs in NGC6822 (Yang+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/922/177https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/922/177http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/922/177https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/922/177https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/922/177http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/922/177GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/922/177/table5 (Red supergiant (RSG) source list for the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/922/177/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/922/177/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/922/177/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true6.93487083-73.525808330.0055555555555555565/8321 8323-8324 8326 8329 8332 6/32943 32952 32954-32956 32958 33289 33291 33300-33302 33308 33310 33313 33315 33324-33325 33332 333367.952274030004205e-20 1.0188844282367877e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/922/177?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/922/177/table5Red supergiant (RSG) source list for the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordinte_J-Ks[0.026/0.08] J-Ks errormagstat.error;phot.color;em.IR.Jfloate_Ksmag[0.017/0.06] Ks errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatJ-Ks[0.7/1.6] J-Ks magnitudemagphot.color;em.IR.J;em.IR.KfloatMm[0/2]? Membership based upon Gaia (1)meta.code.memberintnullableTeff[3139/4600] Effective temperature, computed assuming Av=0.75mag (2)Kphys.temperature.effective;meta.modelledintlogLum[3.53/5.53] Log luminosity, computed assuming Av=0.75mag (3)phys.luminosityfloatSpTSpectral Typesrc.spTypecharr_SpT[1/11]? Reference for spectral type (4)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableANameAlternative namemeta.idcharCommCommentmeta.notecharGaiaDisplay the Gaia DR3 data (I/355) within 3"meta.ref.urlcharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullable2MASS2MASS ID (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[0/1] Hour of Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[70/76] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainKsmag[7.4/12.5] Ks magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloat