J/ApJ/921/72ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/921/72doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19210072CDSMichel A.van der Marel N.Matthews B.C.2023-06-15T09:19:15Z2023-03-28T16:25:33ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fryoung-stellar-objectspre-main-sequence-starsstellar-spectral-typesvisible-astronomyinfrared-sourcesmillimeter-astronomyphotometrysubmillimeter-astronomystellar-massesThe connection between the nature of a protoplanetary disk and that of a debris disk is not well understood. Dust evolution, planet formation, and disk dissipation likely play a role in the processes involved. We aim to reconcile both manifestations of dusty circumstellar disks through a study of optically thin Class III disks and how they correlate to younger and older disks. In this work, we collect literature and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array archival millimeter fluxes for 85 disks (8%) of all Class III disks across nearby star-forming regions. We derive millimeter-dust masses Mdust and compare these with Class II and debris disk samples in the context of excess infrared luminosity, accretion rate, and age. The mean Mdust of Class III disks is 0.29+/-0.19M_{Earth}_. We propose a new evolutionary scenario wherein radial drift is very efficient for nonstructured disks during the Class II phase resulting in a rapid Mdust decrease. In addition, we find possible evidence for long infrared protoplanetary disk timescales, ~8Myr, consistent with overall slow disk evolution. In structured disks, the presence of dust traps allows for the formation of planetesimal belts at large radii, such as those observed in debris disks. We propose therefore that the planetesimal belts in debris disks are the result of dust traps in structured disks, whereas protoplanetary disks without dust traps decrease in dust mass through radial drift and are therefore undetectable as debris disks after the gas dissipation. These results provide a hypothesis for a novel view of disk evolution.2021ApJ...921...72Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/921/72CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/AJ/121/1040 : PMS members of upper Sco OB association (Preibisch+, 2001)J/AJ/124/404 : U Sco OB association Lithium survey. II. (Preibisch, 2002)J/A+A/404/913 : Kinematics & HR Diag of Southern Young Stars (Sartori+ 2003)J/ApJ/602/816 : Chamaeleon I star-forming region census (Luhman, 2004)J/AJ/129/907 : New Ori OB1 members (Briceno+, 2005)J/AJ/130/1733 : Optical spectroscopy of {rho} Oph stars (Wilking+, 2005)J/AJ/131/1574 : Infrared photometry of IC348 members (Lada+, 2006)J/ApJ/661/1119 : Spectroscopy in the 25 Ori group (Briceno+, 2007)J/ApJ/667/308 : Weak-line T Tauri in Spitzer c2d Survey. II. (Cieza+, 2007)J/AJ/133/2072 : Spitzer observations of NGC 2362 (Dahm+, 2007)J/ApJ/663/1149 : Spitzer survey of Serpens YSO population (Harvey+, 2007)J/ApJ/662/1067 : Sptizer observations of sigma Orionis (Hernandez+, 2007)J/ApJS/173/104 : Stellar population in Chamaeleon I (Luhman, 2007)J/ApJ/676/427 : MIPS and IRAC data on ChaII PMS stars (Alcala+, 2008)J/ApJ/675/1375 : IRAC/MIPS photometry in Cha I (Luhman+, 2008)J/ApJS/177/551 : Spitzer c2d survey of Lupus dark clouds (Merin+, 2008)J/ApJ/688/377 : Low-mass objects in Upper Scorpius. II. (Slesnick+, 2008)J/A+A/500/1045 : Cool stars and brown dwarfs in Lupus clouds (Comeron+, 2009)J/ApJ/698/1 : Spitzer observations of NGC 2362 (Currie+, 2009)J/ApJS/181/321 : Properties of Spitzer c2d dark clouds (Evans+, 2009)J/ApJ/704/531 : The coevality of young binary systems (Kraus+, 2009)J/ApJ/691/672 : Sp. of YSOs in Serpens molecular cloud (Oliveira+ 2009)J/ApJ/712/925 : Transition circumstellar disks in Ophiuchus (Cieza+, 2010)J/ApJS/186/259 : Taurus Spitzer survey: new candidate members (Rebull+, 2010)J/ApJ/724/835 : The Spitzer c2d survey of WTTSs. III. (Wahhaj+, 2010)J/AJ/142/140 : Opt spectroscopy of {rho} Oph stars. II. (Erickson+, 2011)J/MNRAS/424/3178 : PMS isochrones. Pleiades benchmark (Bell+, 2012)J/A+A/539/A119 : Pismis 24 stars with X-ray emission (Fang+, 2012)J/ApJ/751/115 : mm emission from Taurus binary systems (Harris+, 2012)J/ApJ/745/19 : Binary systems in Taurus-Auriga (Kraus+, 2012)J/ApJ/758/31 : IR photometry for members of Upper Sco (Luhman+, 2012)J/ApJ/744/134 : SONYC new brown dwarfs in {rho} Oph (Muzic+, 2012)J/ApJ/746/154 : Kinematic parallaxes for Sco-Cen members (Pecaut+, 2012)J/ApJ/749/79 : Transition disks. II. Southern MoC (Romero+, 2012)J/ApJ/771/129 : Submillimetric Class II sources of Taurus (Andrews+, 2013)J/MNRAS/434/806 : Pre-main-sequence isochrones. II. SFR (Bell+, 2013)J/A+A/551/A107 : X-shooter sp. of 24 young stellar objects (Manara+, 2013)J/MNRAS/435/1325 : Membership of the {epsilon} Cha association (Murphy+, 2013)J/A+A/561/A2 : 36 accreting YSOs emission lines (Alcala+, 2014)J/A+A/570/A29 : TBOSS Survey I: Herschel/PACS (Bulger+, 2014)J/ApJ/784/126 : IR photometry of all known members in Taurus (Esplin+, 2014)J/ApJ/786/97 : Photospheric properties of T Tauri stars (Herczeg+, 2014)J/MNRAS/454/593 : Young moving groups in solar neighbourhood (Bell+, 2015)J/ApJ/813/83 : Multiple star formation in Ophiuchus (Cheetham+, 2015)J/ApJS/220/11 : SEDs of Spitzer YSOs in the Gould Belt (Dunham+, 2015)J/MNRAS/453/976 : Herbig Ae/Be X-shooter observations (Fairlamb+, 2015)J/A+A/575/A4 : Activity & accretion in {gamma} Vel & Cha I (Frasca+, 2015)J/A+A/580/A26 : T Tauri star population in Lupus (Galli+, 2015)J/MNRAS/448/2737 : New PMS K/M Stars in Upper Scorpius (Rizzuto+, 2015)J/ApJ/828/46 : ALMA survey of Lupus protopl. disks. I. (Ansdell+, 2016)J/ApJ/827/142 : ALMA obs. of GKM stars in Upper Sco (Barenfeld+, 2016)J/ApJS/224/2 : K2 EPIC stellar properties for 138600 targets (Huber+, 2016)J/ApJ/831/125 : ALMA 887um obs. of ChaI (Pascucci+, 2016)J/MNRAS/461/794 : Scorpius-Centaurus K-Type Stars (Pecaut+, 2016)J/A+A/592/A126 : Transition disk survey (van der Marel+, 2016)J/A+A/600/A20 : Lupus YSOs X-shooter spectroscopy (Alcala+, 2017)J/AJ/153/240 : ALMA survey of protopl. disks in sigma Ori (Ansdell+, 2017)J/AJ/153/188 : Sp. of the foreground population in Orion A (Fang+, 2017)J/ApJ/838/150 : The Taurus-Auriga ecosystem. I. (Kraus+, 2017)J/AJ/153/46 : Spectroscopy of candidate members in Taurus (Luhman+, 2017)J/ApJ/847/31 : Protoplanetary disk data in Cha I and Lupus (Mulders+, 2017)J/ApJ/849/63 : FIR-mm data of YSOs in star-forming regions (Ribas+, 2017)J/ApJ/859/21 : ALMA survey of Lupus protopl. disks. II. (Ansdell+, 2018)J/AJ/156/75 : Circumstellar disks in the Upper Sco assoc. (Esplin+, 2018)J/AJ/156/76 : New young stars and brown dwarfs in U Sco (Luhman+, 2018)J/MNRAS/478/3674 : IC 348 circumstellar discs ALMA data (Ruiz-Rodriguez+, 2018)J/AJ/155/54 : TBOSS Survey. II. ALMA continuum obs. (Ward-Duong+, 2018)J/ApJ/858/41 : PS1 PM survey for brown dwarfs. I. Taurus (Zhang+, 2018)J/ApJ/872/158 : Class II sources in Taurus with ALMA (Akeson+, 2019)J/A+A/626/A80 : Census of Rho Oph members from Gaia DR2 (Canovas+, 2019)J/A+A/626/A11 : Corona Australis ALMA and X-Shooter data (Cazzoletti+, 2019)J/AJ/158/54 : Taurus members from stellar to pl. masses (Esplin+, 2019)J/A+A/630/A137 : Structure and kinematics of the Taurus region (Galli+, 2019)J/ApJ/878/111 : Members in Serpens MoC with Gaia DR2 (Herczeg+, 2019)J/A+A/632/A46 : TW Hydrae association with X-shooter (Venuti+, 2019)J/ApJ/875/L9 : ODISEA: Disk dust mass distributions (Williams+, 2019)J/MNRAS/488/3588 : Debris discs in medium separation bin. (Yelverton+, 2019)J/AJ/159/282 : Membership in Oph & Upper Scorpius complex (Esplin+, 2020)J/A+A/634/A98 : Corona-Australis DANCe. I. (Galli+, 2020)J/A+A/643/A148 : Lupus DANCe. Census & 6D structure with Gaia (Galli+, 2020)J/ApJ/895/126 : ALMA observation of 152 1-11Myr aged stars (Hendler+, 2020)J/AJ/160/186 : Gaia survey of stars associated with Lupus (Luhman, 2020)J/AJ/160/44 : Upper Scorpius spectroscopy and photometry (Luhman+, 2020)J/ApJ/890/130 : VANDAM survey of Orion protostars. II. (Tobin+, 2020)J/A+A/640/A27 : Protoplanetary disk masses in NGC 2024 (van Terwisga+, 2020)J/A+A/646/A46 : Chamaeleon DANCe. Stellar pop. with Gaia-DR2 (Galli+, 2021)J/AJ/162/28 : Studying of protopl. disks in SFRs with ALMA (Van+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/921/72https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/921/72http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/921/72https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/921/72https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/921/72http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/921/72GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/921/72/table3 (Class III targets with millimeter-flux or with M_acc_ measurements)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/921/72/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/921/72/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/921/72/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true245.5400556-19.88354060.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/921/72/table4 (Class II targets (in Lupus, {eta} Cha, TW Hydra, and Upper Sco) with millimeter-flux or with M_acc_ measurements used in Figures 2, 3, and 4.)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/921/72/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/921/72/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/921/72/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true234.8657153-34.77144750.0055555555555555565/10745 11090-11091 6/1031 1037 1048 1050 1052 1075 1080 1082 1168 1539 23543 24644 24763 25097 36956-36957 37012-37013 38347 38382 38850 42598-42599 42605 42610-42611 42614-42615 42704-42705 42707 42713-42714 42727 42736-42737 42935 42943 42970 42972 42976 42979 42984-42986 42988-42990 43000-43001 44309-44311 44317 44319 44343 44352-44353 44355-44356 44358 44368 44371 44374 44376 44378-44379 44386 44389 44397 44400-44401 44404 47742 47828https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/921/72?format=asciiOpticalInfraredMillimeterdefaultJ/ApJ/921/72/table3Class III targets with millimeter-flux or with M_acc_ measurementsSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRegionStar-forming region object belongs tometa.id.parentchar2MASS2MASS Point Source Catalog name (HHMMSSss+DDMMSSs; J2000)meta.id;meta.maincharGaia? Gaia DR2 source namemeta.id.crossnullableDist[45.9/326] Distance to target (1)pcpos.distancefloatSpTSpectral typesrc.spTypecharr_SpTSpectral type reference (see refs.dat file)meta.ref;pos.frameintAv[0/6] Extinction in V-bandmagphys.absorptionfloatr_AvExtinction reference (see refs.dat file)meta.ref;pos.framecharLstar[0.015/8.71] LuminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloatr_LstarStellar luminosity reference (see refs.dat file)meta.ref;pos.frameintMstar[0.1/2.1]? Stellar masssolMassphys.massfloatnullabler_Mstar? Stellar mass evolutionary isochrone model used (see refs.dat file)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullablel_MaccUpper limit flag on Maccmeta.code.errorcharMacc[-11.7/-9]? Mass accretion ratesolMass/yrarith.rate;phys.massfloatnullable_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainr_Macc? Mass accretion rate reference (see refs.dat file)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableLdisk[0.00014/0.2] Fractional disk luminosityphys.luminositydoubleFmm[0.038/62]? ALMA millimeter flux (mJy)mJyphot.flux.density;em.radiofloatnullablel_FmmUpper limit flag on Fmmmeta.code.errorchare_Fmm[0.01/0.2]? Uncertainty in ALMA millimeter fluxmJystat.errorfloatnullabler_Fmm? ALMA millimeter flux reference (see refs.dat file)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableBand[6/7]? ALMA band used for millimeter flux observationsmeta.code;instr.filterintnullableMdust[0.01/16.4]? Disk dust mass(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloatnullablel_MdustUpper limit flag on Mdustmeta.code.errorchare_Mdust[0.007/0.1]? Uncertainty in disk dust mass(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.errorfloatnullableFitFlag(s) when Av or Lstar (L*) used are beyond literature reported uncertaintiesmeta.codechar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainJ/ApJ/921/72/table4Class II targets (in Lupus, {eta} Cha, TW Hydra, and Upper Sco) with millimeter-flux or with M_acc_ measurements used in Figures 2, 3, and 4.SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullabler_Macc? Mass accretion rate reference (2)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableLdisk[0.025/1.8] Fractional disk luminosityphys.luminosityfloat_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainRegionStar-forming region object belongs tometa.id.parentchar2MASS2MASS Point Source Catalog name (HHMMSSss+DDMMSSs; J2000)meta.id;meta.maincharf_Gaiam=Multiplemeta.codecharr_Mstar? Stellar mass evolutionary isochrone model used (2)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableMacc[-12.2/-7]? Mass accretion ratesolMass/yrarith.rate;phys.massfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSDisk is considered as structured? (3)meta.codecharGaia? Gaia DR2 source namemeta.id.crossnullableONameOther Namemeta.idcharDist[36.6/175.5] Distance to target (1)pcpos.distancefloatSpTSpectral typesrc.spTypecharr_SpTSpectral type reference (2)meta.ref;pos.frameintAv[-0.6/7] Extinction in V-bandmagphys.absorptionfloatr_AvExtinction reference (2)meta.ref;pos.frameintLstar[0.01/96] LuminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloatr_LstarStellar luminosity reference (2)meta.ref;pos.frameintMstar[0.12/3.4]? Stellar masssolMassphys.massfloatnullablel_MaccUpper limit flag on Maccmeta.code.errorcharFmm[0.27/904]? ALMA millimeter flux (mJy)mJyphot.flux.density;em.radiofloatnullablel_Fmm[< ] Upper limit flag on Fmmmeta.code.errorchare_Fmm[0.013/7]? Uncertainty in ALMA millimeter fluxmJystat.errorfloatnullabler_Fmm? ALMA millimeter flux reference (2)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableBand[6/7]? ALMA band used for millimeter flux observationsmeta.code;instr.filterintnullableMdust[0.069/155]? Disk dust mass(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloatnullablel_MdustUpper limit flag on Mdustmeta.code.errorchare_Mdust[0.009/5]? Uncertainty in disk dust mass(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.errorfloatnullableFitFlag(s) when Av or Lstar (L*) used are beyond literature reported uncertaintiesmeta.codecharJ/ApJ/921/72/refsReferencesAuthFirst author's name(s)meta.bib.authorcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRefReference codemeta.noteintBibCodeBibcode of the referencemeta.bib.bibcodecharCommCommentmeta.notechar