J/ApJ/921/24ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/921/24doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19210024CDSSchlaufman K.C.Halpern N.D.2023-07-03T14:34:54Z2023-03-22T07:52:21ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetsstellar-massesstellar-radiiastronomical-reference-materialsvisible-astronomySince planet occurrence and primordial atmospheric retention probability increase with period, the occurrence-weighted median planets discovered by transit surveys may bear little resemblance to the low-occurrence, short-period planets sculpted by atmospheric escape ordinarily used to calibrate mass-radius relations and planet formation models. An occurrence-weighted mass-radius relation for the low-mass planets discovered so far by transit surveys orbiting solar-type stars requires both occurrence-weighted median Earth-mass and Neptune-mass planets to have a few percent of their masses in hydrogen/helium (H/He) atmospheres. Unlike the Earth that finished forming long after the protosolar nebula was dissipated, these occurrence-weighted median Earth-mass planets must have formed early in their systems' histories. The existence of significant H/He atmospheres around Earth-mass planets confirms an important prediction of the core-accretion model of planet formation. It also implies core masses M_c_ in the range 2 M_{Earth}_<~M_c_<~8M_{Earth}_ that can retain their primordial atmospheres. If atmospheric escape is driven by photoevaporation due to extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) flux, then our observation requires a reduction in the fraction of incident EUV flux converted into work usually assumed in photoevaporation models. If atmospheric escape is core driven, then the occurrence-weighted median Earth-mass planets must have large Bond albedos. In contrast to Uranus and Neptune that have at least 10% of their masses in H/He atmospheres, these occurrence-weighted median Neptune-mass planets are H/He poor. The implication is that they experienced collisions or formed in much shorter-lived and/or hotter parts of their parent protoplanetary disks than Uranus and Neptune's formation location in the protosolar nebula.2021ApJ...921...24Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/921/24CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/347 : Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia DR2 (Bailer-Jones+, 2018)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/ApJ/667/308 : Weak-line T Tauri in Spitzer c2d Survey. II. (Cieza+, 2007)J/ApJ/728/138 : Follow-up photometry of HAT-P-26 (Hartman+, 2011)J/ApJS/197/8 : Kepler's cand. multiple transiting planets (Lissauer+, 2011)J/ApJ/750/114 : Kepler TTVs. IV. 4 multiple-planet systems (Fabrycky+, 2012)J/ApJ/749/15 : The Kepler-20 planetary system (Gautier+, 2012)J/MNRAS/421/2342 : 4 Kepler systems transit timing obs. (Steffen+, 2012)J/ApJ/767/95 : Improved parameters of smallest KIC stars (Dressing+, 2013)J/ApJS/208/9 : Intrinsic colors & temperatures of PMS stars (Pecaut+, 2013)J/ApJS/208/22 : Transit timing variation for 12 planetary pairs (Xie, 2013)J/ApJ/787/80 : 139 Kepler planets transit time variations (Hadden+, 2014)J/ApJS/210/20 : Small Kepler planets radial velocities (Marcy+, 2014)J/ApJ/784/45 : Kepler's multiple planet candidates. III. (Rowe+, 2014)J/ApJ/795/167 : Transits of PH3 b, c & d through Jan-2019 (Schmitt+, 2014)J/ApJ/786/2 : Spitzer phot. time series of HD 97658 (Van Grootel+, 2014)J/ApJ/783/4 : Kepler multi-planet candidate systems (Wang+, 2014)J/ApJS/210/25 : Transit timing var. for 15 planetary pairs. II. (Xie, 2014)J/A+A/573/A124 : Kepler-117 transit-timing variations (Bruno+, 2015)J/ApJ/807/45 : Pot. habitable planets around M dwarfs (Dressing+, 2015)J/ApJ/809/25 : Stellar & planet properties for K2 cand. (Montet+, 2015)J/A+A/584/A72 : Transiting rocky planet at 6.5pc (Motalebi+ 2015)J/AJ/152/160 : HARPS-N radial velocities of KOI-70 (Buchhave+, 2016)J/ApJS/226/7 : Planet cand. discovered using K2 1st-yr (Crossfield+, 2016)J/AJ/152/204 : HARPS-N RVs of HD 179070 (Lopez-Morales+, 2016)J/ApJ/822/86 : False positive prob. for Q1-Q17 DR24 KOIs (Morton+, 2016)J/ApJ/829/L9 : K2 LC of HD 3167 and Robo-AO image (Vanderburg+, 2016)J/ApJ/825/19 : Mass-radius relationship for planets, Rp<4 (Wolfgang+, 2016)J/ApJ/834/17 : Mass & rad. of planets, moons, low mass stars (Chen+, 2017)J/AJ/154/122 : RVs for the HD 3167 system (Christiansen+, 2017)J/AJ/154/226 : Photometry and radial velocities of K2-131 (Dai+, 2017)J/AJ/154/109 : California-Kepler Survey. III. Planet radii (Fulton+, 2017)J/A+A/608/A93 : K2-106 radial velocities measurements (Guenther+, 2017)J/AJ/154/5 : Transit timing var. of 145 Kepler planets (Hadden+, 2017)J/AJ/154/108 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). II. (Johnson+, 2017)J/AJ/153/142 : RVs of systems hosting sub-Saturns (Petigura+, 2017)J/AJ/154/237 : HARPS-N radial velocities of WASP-47 (Vanderburg+, 2017)J/AJ/155/112 : RVs & light curves for HATS-43-HATS-46 (Brahm+, 2018)J/ApJS/237/38 : Extended abundance analysis of KOIs (Brewer+, 2018)J/A+A/619/L10 : pi Men radial velocity curves (Gandolfi+, 2018)J/AJ/155/203 : HARPS-N RVs & activity for Kepler-1655 (Haywood+, 2018)J/AJ/155/107 : HARPS-N obs. of K2-141 planetary system (Malavolta+, 2018)J/AJ/155/136 : Planets around bright stars in K2 C0-C10 (Mayo+, 2018)J/AJ/156/89 : RVs & transit-times for the K2-24 system (Petigura+, 2018)J/ApJS/235/38 : Kepler pl. cand. VIII. DR25 reliability (Thompson+, 2018)J/A+A/624/A38 : Radial velocities of K2-36 (Damasso+, 2019)J/A+A/628/A108 : Photometry of Kepler-82b and c transits (Freudenthal+, 2019)J/ApJ/876/L24 : HARPS RVs of the host star HD15337 (Gandolfi+, 2019)J/AJ/158/109 : Occurrence rates of planets orbiting FGK stars (Hsu+, 2019)J/AJ/157/116 : RVs of K2-291 with HIRES & HARPS-N (Kosiarek+, 2019)J/A+A/631/A90 : K2-138 HARPS radial velocities (Lopez+, 2019)J/A+A/623/A114 : Light curve of K2-292 (HD 119130) (Luque+, 2019)J/AJ/158/165 : RV obs. & activity indicators for Kepler-538b (Mayo+, 2019)J/AJ/157/145 : HIRES RVs of 3 compact, multiplanet systems (Mills+, 2019)J/AJ/158/177 : Near-resonance in a sub-Neptune syst. (Quinn+, 2019)J/A+A/624/A15 : Kepler-411 mid-transit times (Sun+, 2019)J/A+A/622/L7 : GJ143 and HD23472 radial velocity curves (Trifonov+, 2019)J/A+A/630/A135 : The exoplanet mass-radius relation (Ulmer-Moll+, 2019)J/MNRAS/486/5094 : NGTS-4b A sub-Neptune transiting in the desert (West+, 2019)J/AJ/159/280 : Gaia-Kepler stellar properties cat. I. KIC (Berger+, 2020)J/AJ/160/114 : Radial velocity monitoring of TOI-421 (Carleo+, 2020)J/A+A/633/A133 : HD 80653 RV time series (Frustagli+, 2020)J/A+A/636/L6 : HD 158259 SOPHIE radial velocities (Hara+, 2020)J/AJ/160/222 : RVs and RI-photometry of HATS-37 and HATS-38 (Jordan+, 2020)J/AJ/160/129 : HARPS, HIRES and AAT RVs of HD 136352 (Kane+, 2020)J/MNRAS/499/5004 : K2-111, an old system with two planets (Mortier+, 2020)J/AJ/160/96 : CORALIE and PFS radial velocities of HD 86226 (Teske+, 2020)J/AJ/161/265 : Compared rot. periods for 1189 CKS host stars (David+, 2021)J/A+A/646/A183 : Transit photometry of NGTS-14Ab (Smith+, 2021)J/ApJS/256/33 : Magellan-TESS Survey (MTS). I. (Teske+, 2021)J/AJ/161/56 : The TESS-Keck Survey. II. RVs of TOI-561 (Weiss+, 2021)http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ : NASA Exoplanet Archive home pagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/921/24https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/921/24http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/921/24https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/921/24https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/921/24http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/921/24GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/921/24/table1 (Periods, masses, radii, and occurrences for transiting exoplanets)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/921/24/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/921/24/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/921/24/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true288.530855640.94231360.0055555555555555565/3734 6/376 413 4271 4309 4521 4632 4673 5009 10061 14278 14573 14585 14733-14735 14744 14751 14757 14762 14767-14768 14774 14794 14824-14826 14830 14918 14920 14923-14924 14930-14933 14940 14966 14969 14975 15060 15105 15110 15115-15116 15118 15131 15134 15137 15141 15143 15149 15154 15158 15171-15172 15174 16162 17149 18147 18163 18350 18453 18539 18569 18574 18786 18800 18881 20543 21206 22065 22078 23636 24223 25443 25463 25673 25699 26062 26278 26990-26992 27085 27358 27548 28400 29349 30450 32811 32848 33145 33210 33212 33386 34957 36015 38883 38946 40220 41786 41941 42986 43580 43631 44015 44317 44474 45527 46135 46333 46789 47194https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/921/24?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/921/24/table1Periods, masses, radii, and occurrences for transiting exoplanetsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintStarHost (Simbad) namemeta.id.parentcharGaiaGaia DR2 Source IDmeta.id.parentPer[0.28/284.3] Planetary orbital perioddtime.perioddoubleMp[0.1/281.3] Planetary mass, Earth units(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloate_Mp[0.1/109] Lower uncertainty on Mp(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.errorfloatE_Mp[0.2/170] Upper uncertainty on Mp(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.error;stat.maxfloatRp[0.7/11.3] Planetary radius, Earth units(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloate_Rp[0/1.34] Lower uncertainty on Rp(6.3781x10+6m)stat.errorfloatE_Rp[0/1.62] Upper uncertainty on Rp(6.3781x10+6m)stat.error;stat.maxfloatOcc[0.00027/0.094] Occurrence of known planets of similar period/radiusstat.fit.paramdoubleMethodMass Method ("Doppler", "TTV" or "joint")meta.notecharDRefDiscovery Reference bibcodemeta.bib.bibcodecharPRefParameter Reference bibcodemeta.bib.bibcodechar_RAPositions from Gaia DR2 names in SIMBAD (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from Gaia DR2 names in SIMBAD (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainPlanetExoplanet namemeta.id;meta.maincharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar