J/ApJ/920/132ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/920/132doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19200132CDSPark W.Lee J.-E.Contreras Pena C.Johnstone D.Herczeg G.Lee S.,Lee S.Bhardwaj A.Moriarty-Schieven G.H.2023-08-25T09:51:18Z2023-04-05T11:51:20ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fryoung-stellar-objectsinfrared-photometrystar-forming-regionsVariability in young stellar objects (YSOs) can be caused by various time-dependent phenomena associated with star formation, including accretion rates, geometric changes in the circumstellar disks, stochastic hydromagnetic interactions between stellar surfaces and inner-disk edges, reconnections within the stellar magnetosphere, and hot/cold spots on stellar surfaces. We uncover and characterize ~1700 variables from a sample of ~5400 YSOs in nearby low-mass star-forming regions using mid-IR light curves obtained from the 6.5yr Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer All Sky Survey. The mid-IR variability traces a wide range of dynamical, physical, and geometrical phenomenon. We classify six types of YSO mid-IR variability based on their light curves: secular variability (linear, curved, and periodic) and stochastic variability (burst, drop, and irregular). YSOs in earlier evolutionary stages have higher fractions of variables and higher amplitudes for the variability, with the recurrence timescale of FUor-type outbursts (defined here as {Delta}W1 or {Delta}W2>1mag followed by inspection of candidates) of ~1000yr in the early embedded protostellar phase. Known eruptive young stars and subluminous objects show fractions of variables similar to the fraction (~55%) found in typical protostars, suggesting that these two distinct types are not distinct in variability over the 6.5yr timescale. Along with brightness variability, we also find a diverse range of secular color variations, which can be attributed to a competitive interplay between the variable accretion luminosity of the central source and the variable extinction by material associated with the accretion process.2021ApJ...920..132Phttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/920/132CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/gcvs : General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+, 2007-2017)II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)II/319 : UKIDSS-DR9 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)II/359 : The VISTA Hemisphere Survey (VHS) catalog DR4.1 (McMahon+, 2013)II/362 : i-band variability of YSOs (Sergison+, 2020)J/AJ/121/3160 : JHK photometry near the Trapezium region (Carpenter+, 2001)J/A+A/458/789 : ISOCAM survey of Serpens/G3-G6 (Djupvik+, 2006)J/A+A/447/609 : 1.2mm continuum obs. in rho Oph cloud (Stanke+, 2006)J/A+A/463/1017 : B and V light curves of AA Tau (Bouvier+, 2007)J/ApJS/179/249 : Low-luminosity embedded protostar population (Dunham+, 2008)J/ApJ/676/1109 : Velocities of stars in the ONC (Furesz+, 2008)J/A+A/479/827 : UBVR LCs of weak-line T Tauri stars (Grankin+, 2008)J/AJ/136/2413 : Galactic midplane Spitzer red sources (Robitaille+, 2008)J/MNRAS/386/313 : IR observations of Mira variables (Whitelock+, 2008)J/ApJ/692/973 : Protostars in Perseus, Serpens and Ophiuchus (Enoch+, 2009)J/ApJS/181/321 : Properties of Spitzer c2d dark clouds (Evans+, 2009)J/ApJS/185/198 : The Cepheus flare observed with IRAC and MIPS (Kirk+, 2009)J/AJ/140/1214 : NIR spectroscopic survey of class I YSOs (Connelley+, 2010)J/ApJ/743/156 : NEOWISE obs. of NEOs: preliminary results (Mainzer+, 2011)J/ApJ/733/50 : MIR phot. monitoring of the ONC (Morales-Calderon+, 2011)J/ApJ/745/19 : Binary systems in Taurus-Auriga (Kraus+, 2012)J/AJ/144/192 : Spitzer survey of Orion A & B. I. YSOs (Megeath+, 2012)J/A+A/557/A77 : VR light curves of AA Tau in 2007-2013 (Bouvier+, 2013)J/ApJ/778/116 : V1647 Ori long-term optical & NIR obs. (Ninan+, 2013)J/AJ/147/82 : Monitoring of disk-bearing stars in NGC 2264 (Cody+, 2014)J/AJ/148/122 : YSOVAR: infrared photometry in Lynds 1688 (Gunther+, 2014)J/ApJ/792/30 : NEOWISE magnitudes for near-Earth objects (Mainzer+, 2014)J/ApJ/788/48 : X-ray through NIR photometry of NGC 2617 (Shappee+, 2014)J/ApJS/220/11 : SEDs of Spitzer YSOs in the Gould Belt (Dunham+, 2015)J/AJ/150/175 : YSOVAR: infrared photometry in NGC 1333 (Rebull+, 2015)J/AJ/150/32 : KELT 2006-2013 phot. of V409 Tau & AA Tau (Rodriguez+, 2015)J/A+A/581/A66 : UV variability and accretion in NGC 2264 (Venuti+, 2015)J/ApJ/818/59 : IN-SYNC. IV. YSOs in Orion A (Da Rio+, 2016)J/MNRAS/462/1444 : MHO catalogue for Cassiopeia and Auriga (Froebrich+, 2016)J/ApJS/224/5 : Herschel Orion Protostar Survey (HOPS): SEDs (Furlan+, 2016)J/ApJS/225/26 : Very Low-Luminosity Objects from 1.25-850um (Kim+, 2016)J/MNRAS/465/3039 : Eruptive variable protostars from VVV EW (Contreras+, 2017)J/MNRAS/465/3011 : VVV high amplitude NIR var. stars (Contreras Pena+, 2017)J/A+A/607/A127 : 2014-2017 phot. for ASASSN-13db (Sicilia-Aguilar+, 2017)J/ApJ/854/170 : Methanol (CH_3_OH) & OH masers in NGC 6334I (Hunter+, 2018)J/ApJS/234/8 : YSO jets from UWISH2. IV. Cygnus-X outflows (Makin+, 2018)J/AJ/155/99 : IR var. among YSOs in Serpens South cluster (Wolk+, 2018)J/MNRAS/486/4590 : 139 high-amplitude variable stars (Contreras+, 2019)J/AJ/158/54 : Taurus members from stellar to pl. masses (Esplin+, 2019)J/ApJ/878/111 : Members in Serpens with Gaia DR2 (Herczeg+, 2019)J/ApJ/877/110 : SPIRITS cat. of IR long period var. (Karambelkar+, 2019)J/ApJ/883/6 : AllWISE & NEOWISE LCs of Red MSX YSOs (Uchiyama+, 2019)J/MNRAS/488/1282 : Variable dust emission by WC type WR* (Williams, 2019)J/ApJ/889/148 : V346 Nor IJHKs photometry & IR spectra (Kospal+, 2020)J/ApJS/252/32 : MIR outbursts in nearby SDSS galaxies. I. (Jiang+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/920/132https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/920/132http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/920/132https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/920/132https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/920/132http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/920/132GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/920/132/table7 (Statistics of NEOWISE light curves)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/920/132/table7?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/920/132/table7?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/920/132/table7?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true85.67783-10.419250.0055555555555555565/262 268-270 278 289 292 7414 7585 7589-7590 10649 10696 10745 6/342-343 857-862 1029-1031 1033 1036-1037 1039-1040 1042-1043 1046-1047 1052-1054 1061-1063 1066 1068-1069 1084 1086 1098 1102 1104 1106-1108 1111 1119-1120 1123-1126 1133 1136 1152 1154 1161 1167 1174 1176 1231 1242 1261 1263-1264 1266 1274 1538-1539 1542 1544 1606 1613 1636 14029 14031 14040 14042 14052-14053 15964-15965 16129 16131 16189 16191 16196-16197 21400 21402-21403 21406 21425 21427-21428 21430 21433 21435-21436 21438-21439 22804-22805 22807 22848 22850 22854-22855 22861 22866-22867 22869 22872-22873 22876 22878 23517-23519 23527 23533 23542-23543 23548-23549 23551 23560 24194-24195 24201-24203 24224-24225 24227 24232-24233 24270 24289 24294-24295 24300 29367 29374 29661 29663 30251 30254-30255 30337 30339 30344-30345 30352 30354 30366 30741 30821 36956-36958 37128 41099 41121 41126-41127 41132 41134 41513 41518 42582-42583 42589 42611 42613-42615 42727 42736 42738 42744 42754-42755 42760 42763 42957 42959 42966-42967 42969-42972 42989 42992 42994 43000 44374 47742 47825 47828https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/920/132?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/920/132/table7Statistics of NEOWISE light curvesSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableLCInteractive LC Plotmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDIndex (G1)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryRAJ2000[51.3/340.3] Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-80.4/77.7] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainNW1[3/15] Number of observed epochs in NEOWISE W1 bandmeta.numberintNW2[6/15] Number of observed epochs in NEOWISE W2 bandmeta.numberintNpNumber of photometric measurements (link to Table 6)meta.numberintnullableClassEvolutionary Stage of YSO (1)meta.code.classcharSD/sig[0.08/50.7] SD/sigmastat.fit.omcfloatDeltaW2[0.01/4.4] Delta W2 (Max-Min) in magnitudemagphot.magfloatLSP[1.5e-9/1] FAP by Lomb-Scargle Periodogramstat.fit.goodnessdoubleLin[2.3e-11/1] FAP by Linear Least-Square Fittingstat.fit.goodnessdoublesecVarSecular variability ("Linear", "Curved" or "Periodic")src.classcharstochVarStochastic variability ("Burst", "Drop" or "Irregular") (2)src.classcharSlopeW2[-0.48/0.15]? W2 flux slope (3)yr**-1spect.indexfloatnullablePer[200/4800]? Period by Lomb-Scargle Periodogram (4)dtime.periodintnullablefAmp[0.019/1.2]? Fractional amplitude by Lomb-Scargle Periodogram (5)phot.mag;arith.ratiofloatnullableCloudCloud identification ("Aquila", "Auriga/CMC", "Cepheus", "Chamaeleon", "Corona Australis", "IC5146", "Lupus", "Musca", "Ophiuchus", "Orion", "Perseus", "Serpens" & "Taurus")meta.id.parentcharJ/ApJ/920/132/table6Multi-epoch NEOWISE photometryrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDIndex (G1)meta.id;meta.maincharMJD[56640.16/59181.4] Modified Julian Datedtime.epochdoubleindexedmag[3.64/16.9] Apparent magnitude in Bandmagphot.magfloate_mag[0.012/1.3] Uncertainty in magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatBandNEOWISE bandmeta.code;instr.filterchar