J/ApJ/911/153ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/911/153doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19110153CDSHabel N.M.Thomas Megeath S.Jon Booker J.Fischer W.J.Kounkel M.,Poteet C.Furlan E.Stutz A.Manoj P.Tobin J.J.Nagy Z.Pokhrel R.,Watson D.2022-11-16T06:04:08Z2022-11-15T09:33:01ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fryoung-stellar-objectsmolecular-cloudsinfrared-sourcesWe study protostellar envelope and outflow evolution using Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS or WFC3 images of 304 protostars in the Orion molecular clouds. These near-IR images resolve structures in the envelopes delineated by the scattered light of the central protostars with 80au resolution, and they complement the 1.2{mu}m to 870{mu}m spectral energy distributions (SEDs) obtained with the Herschel Orion Protostar Survey program. Based on their 1.60{mu}m morphologies, we classify the protostars into five categories: nondetections, point sources without nebulosity, bipolar cavity sources, unipolar cavity sources, and irregulars. We find point sources without associated nebulosity are the most numerous, and show through monochromatic Monte Carlo radiative transfer modeling that this morphology occurs when protostars are observed at low inclinations or have low envelope densities. We also find that the morphology is correlated with the SED-determined evolutionary class, with Class 0 protostars more likely to be nondetections, Class I protostars to show cavities, and flat-spectrum protostars to be point sources. Using an edge detection algorithm to trace the projected edges of the cavities, we fit power laws to the resulting cavity shapes, thereby measuring the cavity half-opening angles and power-law exponents. We find no evidence for the growth of outflow cavities as protostars evolve through the Class I protostar phase, in contradiction with previous studies of smaller samples. We conclude that the decline of mass infall with time cannot be explained by the progressive clearing of envelopes by growing outflow cavities. Furthermore, the low star formation efficiency inferred for molecular cores cannot be explained by envelope clearing alone.2021ApJ...911..153Hhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/911/153CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/hst : HST Archived Exposures Catalog (STScI, 2007)J/A+A/291/943 : Protostellar cores (Ossenkopf+, 1994)J/ApJ/566/993 : rho Oph (Lynds 1688) cluster NICMOS imaging (Allen+, 2002)J/A+A/462/L17 : Dense cores in interstellar molecular clouds (Alves+, 2007)J/A+A/472/187 : 12CO outflows towards submm cores in Perseus (Hatchell+, 2007)J/AJ/144/192 : Spitzer survey of Orion A & B. I. YSO catalog (Megeath+, 2012)J/AJ/145/94 : Luminosities of protostars from Spitzer (Dunham+, 2013)J/ApJ/767/36 : APEX observations of HOPS protostars (Stutz+, 2013)J/ApJ/783/6 : Deconvolved Spitzer images of 89 protostars (Velusamy+, 2014)J/A+A/584/A91 : Dense cores in Aquila from Herschel (Konyves+, 2015)J/ApJS/224/5 : The Herschel Orion Protostar Survey (HOPS) (Furlan+, 2016)J/ApJ/821/52 : NIR survey of Spitzer YSOs in Orion MoC (Kounkel+, 2016)J/A+A/619/A106 : 3D shape of Orion A from Gaia DR2 (Grossschedl+, 2018)J/AJ/156/84 : APOGEE-2 survey of Orion Complex. II. (Kounkel+, 2018)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/911/153https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/911/153http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/911/153https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/911/153https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/911/153http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/911/153GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/911/153/table4 (All HST sources)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/911/153/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/911/153/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/911/153/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true88.551251.7097220.0055555555555555566/21403 21425 21427-21428 21430 21435-21436 21438-21439 22804-22805 22854-22855 22861 22873 22876 23560https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/911/153?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/911/153/table4All HST sourcesSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHOPS[1/410] HOPS identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintf_HOPS[4/6]? Flag on HOPS (1)meta.codeintnullableRAJ2000[5] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[0/8] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainClassSED class (2)src.classcharTbol[24.6/1211]? Bolometric temperature (2)Kphys.temperaturefloatnullableInstInstrument (3)meta.id;instrcharPSPoint source? (4)meta.codecharMorphMorphology type from F160W imagesrc.morph.typecharVol[0.4/37.6]? Percent volume cleared%phys.volume;arith.ratiofloatnullableAngle[4/50]? Half-opening angledegpos.posAngfloatnullableFit[1/6.7]? Power-Law fitstat.fit.paramfloatnullableHCatDisplay data from Kounkel+ 2016, J/ApJ/821/52 and Stutz+, 2013, J/ApJ/767/36 within 2"meta.ref.urlintnullable