J/ApJ/909/56ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/909/56doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19090056CDSLiu D.Daddi E.Schinnerer E.Saito T.Leroy A.Silverman J.D.,Valentino F.Magdis G.E.Gao YuJin S.Puglisi A.Groves B.2022-09-19T10:14:12Z2022-09-14T10:47:20ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frco-line-emissiongalaxiesinfrared-sourcesmolecular-physicsredshiftedWe study the carbon monoxide (CO) excitation, mean molecular gas density, and interstellar radiation field (ISRF) intensity in a comprehensive sample of 76 galaxies from local to high redshift (z~0-6), selected based on detections of their CO transitions J=2-1 and 5-4 and their optical/infrared/(sub)millimeter spectral energy distributions (SEDs). We confirm the existence of a tight correlation between CO excitation as traced by the CO (5-4)/(2-1) line ratio R52 and the mean ISRF intensity <U> as derived from infrared SED fitting using dust SED templates. By modeling the molecular gas density probability distribution function (PDF) in galaxies and predicting CO line ratios with large velocity gradient radiative transfer calculations, we present a framework linking global CO line ratios to the mean molecular hydrogen gas density <n_H2_> and kinetic temperature Tkin. Mapping in this way observed R52 ratios to <n_H2_> T_kin_ probability distributions, we obtain positive <U>-<n_H2_> and <U>-T_kin_ correlations, which imply a scenario in which the ISRF in galaxies is mainly regulated by T_kin_ and (nonlinearly) by <n_H2_>. A small fraction of starburst galaxies showing enhanced <n_H2_> could be due to merger-driven compaction. Our work demonstrates that ISRF and CO excitation are tightly coupled and that density-PDF modeling is a promising tool for probing detailed ISM properties inside galaxies.2021ApJ...909...56Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/909/56CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/295/585 : CO observations in NGC 1365 (Sandqvist+, 1995)J/ApJ/554/803 : New VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) Cat of IRAS 2Jy Gal. (Yun+ 2001)J/ApJ/622/772 : Redshift survey of submillimeter galaxies (Chapman+, 2005)J/ApJS/178/280 : Compendium of ISO far-IR extragalactic data (Brauher+, 2008)J/AJ/136/2782 : Star formation efficiency in nearby galaxies (Leroy+, 2008)J/ApJ/703/736 : Clump properties in the LMC 30 Dor region (Pineda+, 2009)J/A+A/522/A3 : M33 CO(2-1) & HI integrated intensity maps (Gratier+, 2010)J/A+A/533/A119 : GOODS-Herschel North and South catalogs (Elbaz+, 2011)J/A+A/532/A90 : PACS Evolutionary Probe (PEP-DR1) catalogs (Lutz+, 2011)J/ApJS/197/16 : CO obs. of LMC molecular clouds (MAGMA). (Wong+, 2011)J/MNRAS/414/940 : ATLAS3D project. IV. (Young+, 2011)J/ApJ/745/95 : Herschel FIR & submm phot. of KINGFISH sample (Dale+, 2012)J/A+A/544/A156 : UltraVISTA Catalogue Release DR1 (McCracken+, 2012)J/MNRAS/426/2601 : CO lines in luminous IR galaxies (Papadopoulos+, 2012)J/A+A/556/A55 : Multi-color phot. of star-forming galaxies (Ilbert+, 2013)J/ApJ/777/18 : Stellar mass functions of galaxies to z=4 (Muzzin+, 2013)J/ApJS/212/18 : An atlas of UV-to-MIR galaxy SEDs (Brown+, 2014)J/A+A/565/A128 : Dust SED in HRS nearby galaxies (Ciesla+, 2014)J/A+A/566/A45 : Orion opt.-depth and column-density maps (Lombardi+, 2014)J/A+A/568/A90 : Herschel/SPIRE spectra in Arp 299 (Rosenberg+, 2014)J/ApJS/214/24 : 3D-HST+CANDELS catalog (Skelton+, 2014)J/ApJS/219/8 : SFR for WISE + SDSS spectroscopic galaxies (Chang+, 2015)J/ApJ/806/110 : ALESS survey: SMGs in the ECDF-S data (da Cunha+, 2015)J/A+A/582/A121 : Dust properties in galaxies (Remy-Ruyer+, 2015)J/ApJS/220/12 : FMOS-COSMOS survey III. 0.7<z<2.5 gal. (Silverman+, 2015)J/ApJ/829/93 : CO, [CI] & [NII] lines from Herschel sp. (Kamenetzky+, 2016)J/ApJS/224/24 : The COSMOS2015 catalog (Laigle+, 2016)J/ApJS/229/25 : GOALS sample PACS and SPIRE fluxes (Chu+, 2017)J/MNRAS/465/1789 : SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey (Geach+, 2017)J/ApJ/835/217 : Density distributions for mm-wave line ratios (Leroy+, 2017)J/ApJS/230/1 : Herschel 194-671um survey of GOALS LIRGs (Lu+, 2017)J/ApJ/839/58 : ALMA submm galaxies multi-wavelength data (Simpson+, 2017)J/A+A/608/A144 : Strongly lensed submm galaxies CO spectra (Yang+, 2017)J/A+A/609/A37 : Nearby galaxies multiwavelength photometry (Clark+, 2018)J/ApJ/853/172 : "Super-deblended" dust emission in galaxies. I. (Liu+, 2018)J/A+A/609/A30 : Monochromatic conv. factors to LIR, Mdust (Schreiber+, 2018)J/ApJ/860/172 : Cloud-scale mol. gas properties in 15 galaxies (Sun+, 2018)J/ApJ/872/16 : Integrated star formation law. I. (de los Reyes+, 2019)J/A+A/628/A71 : CO spectra of 55 LIRGs and ULIRGs (Herrero-Illana+, 2019)J/ApJS/244/40 : A3COSMOS. I. ALMA continuum photometry catalogs (Liu+, 2019)J/ApJ/882/5 : ALMA data for 5 luminous & UL IR gal. (Wilson+, 2019)J/ApJ/892/148 : Molecular ISM in nearby star-forming galaxies (Sun+, 2020)J/A+A/641/A155 : CO+[CI] emission in distant galaxies (Valentino+, 2020)http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3958271 : SED fitting figures and full tableshttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/909/56https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/909/56http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/909/56https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/909/56https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/909/56http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/909/56GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/909/56/table1 (galaxies used in this work with measured and derived physical properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/909/56/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/909/56/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/909/56/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true200.147416734.13940.0055555555555555565/6814 6/2363 3824 4993 5799 7606 8673 10209 10465 10761 10856 11027 11101 11206 11252 15592 16655 16755 17754 19283 20060-20061 22721 23178 25946 26271 27514 27937 28015 28035 28167 31081 31158 34531 37559 38139 43233 43925 46399 47854https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/909/56?format=asciiInfraredRadiodefaultJ/ApJ/909/56/table1galaxies used in this work with measured and derived physical propertiesSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameGalaxy namemeta.id;meta.maincharSetSubsample (1)meta.idcharz[-0.00078/6.4] Redshiftsrc.redshiftdoubleR52[0/6] CO (5-4)/(2-1) line ratiospect.line.intensity;arith.ratiofloate_R52[0.1/3.4] R52 uncertaintystat.errorfloatlognH2[2/5]? Log of volume density, n_H2_log(cm**-3)phys.densityfloatnullablee_lognH2[0.1/1.4]? lognH2 uncertaintylog(cm**-3)stat.errorfloatnullableUmean[1/120.2] Mean ISRF intensity, <U> (2)arith.ratiofloate_Umean[0/85] Lower uncertainty on Umeanstat.errorfloatE_Umean[0/155.1] Upper uncertainty on Umeanstat.error;stat.maxfloatlogLIR[9.5/13.7] Log of IR luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosity;em.IRfloate_logLIR[0/0.1] Lower uncertainty on logLIRlog(solLum)stat.errorfloatE_logLIR[0/0.1] Upper uncertainty on logLIRlog(solLum)stat.error;stat.maxfloatlogM[9/12] Log of stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloate_logM[0/1.5] Lower uncertainty on logMlog(solMass)stat.errorfloatE_logM[0/1.1] Upper uncertainty on logMlog(solMass)stat.error;stat.maxfloatRef54Reference for CO (5-4) (3)meta.bibcharRef21Reference for CO (2-1) (3)meta.bibcharV20Display data from Valentino+, 2020,meta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main