J/ApJ/907/99ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/907/99doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19070099CDSStrotjohann N.L.Ofek E.O.Gal-Yam A.Bruch R.Schulze S.Shaviv N.,Sollerman J.Filippenko A.V.Yaron O.Fremling C.Nordin J.Kool E.C.,Perley D.A.Ho A.Y.Q.Yang YiYao Y.Soumagnac M.T.Graham M.L.,Barbarino C.Tartaglia L.De K.Goldstein D.A.Cook D.O.Brink T.G.,Taggart K.Yan L.Lunnan R.Kasliwal M.Kulkarni S.R.Nugent P.E.,Masci F.J.Rosnet P.Adams S.M.Andreoni I.Bagdasaryan A.Bellm E.C.,Burdge K.Duev D.A.Dugas A.Frederick S.Goldwasser S.Hankins M.,Irani I.Karambelkar V.Kupfer T.Liang J.Neill J.D.Porter M.,Riddle R.L.Sharma Y.Short P.Taddia F.Tzanidakis A.van Roestel J.,Walters R.Zhuang Z.2023-06-06T08:49:42Z2022-07-04T08:20:43ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsupernovaeinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomyphotometryInteraction-powered supernovae (SNe) explode within an optically thick circumstellar medium (CSM) that could be ejected during eruptive events. To identify and characterize such pre-explosion outbursts, we produce forced-photometry light curves for 196 interacting SNe, mostly of Type IIn, detected by the Zwicky Transient Facility between early 2018 and 2020 June. Extensive tests demonstrate that we only expect a few false detections among the 70000 analyzed pre-explosion images after applying quality cuts and bias corrections. We detect precursor eruptions prior to 18 Type IIn SNe and prior to the Type Ibn SN 2019uo. Precursors become brighter and more frequent in the last months before the SN and month-long outbursts brighter than magnitude -13 occur prior to 25% (5-69%, 95% confidence range) of all Type IIn SNe within the final three months before the explosion. With radiative energies of up to 1049erg, precursors could eject ~1M{sun} of material. Nevertheless, SNe with detected precursors are not significantly more luminous than other SNe IIn, and the characteristic narrow hydrogen lines in their spectra typically originate from earlier, undetected mass-loss events. The long precursor durations require ongoing energy injection, and they could, for example, be powered by interaction or by a continuum-driven wind. Instabilities during the neon- and oxygen-burning phases are predicted to launch precursors in the final years to months before the explosion; however, the brightest precursor is 100 times more energetic than anticipated.2021ApJ...907...99Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/907/99CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/737/101 : AGN pairs from SDSS-DR7. I. (Liu+, 2011)J/ApJ/756/173 : Photometry of type IIn SNe 2005ip & 2006jd (Stritzinger+, 2012)J/ApJ/763/L27 : RI light curves of the type IIn SN 2009ip (Prieto+, 2013)J/ApJ/768/47 : Swift/XRT 0.2-10keV observations of SN2009ip (Ofek+, 2013)J/ApJ/769/39 : SN Ibn PS1-12sk optical and NIR light curves (Sanders+, 2013)J/other/Nat/494.65 : SN 2010mc outburst before explosion (Ofek+, 2013)J/ApJ/781/42 : Optical photometry of SN 2010jl (Ofek+, 2014)J/ApJ/789/104 : SNe IIn observations and properties (Ofek+, 2014)J/ApJ/811/117 : R-band PTF observations of SNe IIb (Strotjohann+, 2015)J/ApJ/824/6 : PTF obs. precursor to SNHunt 275 2015 May event (Ofek+, 2016)J/A+A/605/A6 : Photometry of supernova iPTF13z (Nyholm+, 2017)J/A+A/631/A147 : Transient processing and analysis using AMPEL (Nordin+, 2019)J/ApJ/886/152 : ZTF early observations of Type Ia SNe. I. LCs (Yao+, 2019)J/ApJ/887/169 : UV-Opt light curves of the type Ic SN 2018gep (Ho+, 2019)J/A+A/637/A73 : Type IIn supernova photometry (Nyholm+, 2020)J/ApJ/895/32 : Zwicky Transient Facility BTS. I. (Fremling+, 2020)J/A+A/652/A136 : SN 2020bqj light curves (Kool+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/907/99https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/907/99http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/907/99https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/907/99https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/907/99http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/907/99GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/907/99/table1 (SNe with detected pre-explosion activity)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/907/99/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/907/99/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/907/99/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true102.607562243.05322210.0055555555555555566/2 74 148 459 653 765 814 1152 1213 2053 2191 2222 2330 2335 2350 2515 2680 2792 2813 2900 3080 3558 4110 4417 4462 4533 4587 4799 4951 5014 5524 5925 6000 6109 6130 6336 6459 6487 6739 6766 7048 7051 7172 7230 7239 7485 7532 7649 7937 8218 8280 8298 8444 8456 8581 8725 8745 8779 8794 8960 8962 9116 9186 9191 9236 9252 9332 9449 9465 9504 9519 9535 9658 9662 9686 9694 9757 9763 9785 9815 9873 9890 9978 10112 10161 10200 10297 10324 10376 10463 10573 10878 10917 10965 11038 11185 11205 11267 11315 11366 11379 11422 11424 11514 11677 11715 11719 11731 11778 11788 11793 11824 11843 11886 11895 12028 12096 12099 12123 12669 12827 13356 13707 13745 13753 13803 14082 14518 14851 14972 14975 15000 15004 15073 15112 15777 15860 15977 16120 16235 16781 17174 17261 17292 17452 17562 17681 17691 17717 17742 17768 17913 17992 18015 18032 18398 18628 19630 19897 19969 20038 20041 20217 20251 20344 22293 22560 22756 22790 23087 25052 25245 25580 25682 25700 25727 25908 25953 25993 26021 26345 26444 26454 26513 26585 26696 26877 27249 27578 27654 27933 28035 28041 28080 28249-28250 28262 28527 28637 28671 29613 29774 30015 30139 30764 31079 31095 31418 32433 32451 32504 32624 32650 32718 36343 36539 36667 36850 40510 40530 40822 48504 48943 49029 49032https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/907/99?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/907/99/table1SNe with detected pre-explosion activityIAUIAU name (1)meta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintZTFZTF namemeta.idcharprimarySpTSN Typesrc.spTypecharRAJ2000[1/356] Right Ascension (J2000) (2)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-21/80] Declination (J2000) (2)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainzspec[0.005/0.37] Spectroscopic redshiftsrc.redshiftdoubleDate[2458195/2458976] Estimated explosion date, Julian Date (3)dtime.epochdoubleSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharSep[0/65]? Separation from host galaxyarcsecpos.angDistance;src.orbitalfloatnullableNoteCommentsmeta.notecharNobsNumber of observation for this SN (table2)meta.numberintnullableLCInteractive Plotmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/907/99/table2Forced photometry pre-explosion light curvesZTFZTF namemeta.idcharFluxerr[7e-11/4e-10] Sys. flux error from ref. image (3)stat.errordoublechi2[0.05/1.4] Red. chi2 of PSF fit as SN positionstat.fit.chi2;instr.det.psf;meta.modelledfloatchi2*[0.0/1.4] Red. chi2 of PSF fit for nearby starstat.fit.chi2floatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIAUIAU namemeta.id;meta.maincharJD[2458041/2458964] Julian Date of observationdtime.epochdoubleindexedBand[gri] ZTF bandinstr.bandpasscharrefimID of used reference image (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharFlux[-6.35e-08/3.37e-08] Flux (2)magphot.flux.density;em.optdoublee_Flux[6e-11/6e-08] Uncertainty in Flux (2)magstat.error;phot.fluxdoubleJ/ApJ/907/99/table4Detected precursorsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIAUIAU namemeta.id;meta.maincharBand[gri] Band of observationinstr.bandpass;obscharPhase.s[-693/-6] Phase startdtime.phasefloatPhase.e[-546/0] Phase enddtime.phasefloatFlux[-16.9/-12.9] Median fluxmagphot.flux.density;em.optfloatE[3/1000] Energy (10^46^erg)ergphys.energyintVcsm[150/1100]? Circonstellar medium velocity (1)km/sphys.velocintnullableMcsm[0.007/7]? Circonstellar medium masssolMassphys.massfloatnullableTrise[4/25]? Time it takes the SN to risedtime.epochintnullablel_DMcsm[<] Limit flag on DMcsmmeta.code.errorcharDMcsm[0.4/2.5]? CSM mass differencesolMassphys.massfloatnullablespecSN spectra (table6)meta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/907/99/table6SN spectraVel1[160/1342] Velocity 1km/sphys.velocintVel2[750/1050]? Velocity 2km/sphys.velocintnullablef_Vel1[ah] Flag on Vel1 and/or Vel2 (2)meta.codecharNoteAdditional commentmeta.notecharprecDetected precursor (table4)meta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIAUIAU Namemeta.id;meta.maincharJD[2458351/2458931] Julian date of observationdtime.epochdoubleInstInstrument usedinstr.setupchardT[2.7/78.6] Time after explosiondtime.epochfloatLW[200/1500]? Line widthkm/sspect.line.eqWidthintnullableRes[130/980]? Instrument resolution (1)km/sspect.resolutionintnullablel_Vel1[<] Limit flag on Vel1meta.code.errorchar