J/ApJ/905/58ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/905/58doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19050058CDSDe K.Kasliwal M.M.Tzanidakis A.Fremling U.C.Adams S.Aloisi R.,Andreoni I.Bagdasaryan A.Bellm E.C.Bildsten L.Cannella C.,Cook D.O.Delacroix A.Drake A.Duev D.Dugas A.Frederick S.,Gal-Yam A.Goldstein D.Golkhou V.Z.Graham M.J.Hale D.Hankins M.,Helou G.Ho A.Y.Q.Irani I.Jencson J.E.Kaplan D.L.Kaye S.,Kulkarni S.R.Kupfer T.Laher R.R.Leadbeater R.Lunnan R.Masci F.J.,Miller A.A.Neill J.D.Ofek E.O.Perley D.A.Polin A.Prince T.A.,Quataert E.Reiley D.Riddle R.L.Rusholme B.Sharma Y.Shupe D.L.,Sollerman J.Tartaglia L.Walters R.Yan L.Yao Y.2022-09-05T14:14:07Z2022-07-26T11:11:03ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsupernovaeinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomybroad-band-photometryspectroscopyredshiftedabsolute-magnitudesurveysUsing the Zwicky Transient Facility alert stream, we are conducting a large spectroscopic campaign to construct a complete, volume-limited sample of transients brighter than 20mag, and coincident within 100" of galaxies in the Census of the Local Universe catalog. We describe the experiment design and spectroscopic completeness from the first 16 months of operations, which have classified 754 supernovae. We present results from a systematic search for calcium-rich gap transients in the sample of 22 low-luminosity (peak absolute magnitude M{>}-17), hydrogen-poor events found in the experiment. We report the detection of eight new events, and constrain their volumetric rate to >~15%+/-5% of the SN Ia rate. Combining this sample with 10 previously known events, we find a likely continuum of spectroscopic properties ranging from events with SN Ia-like features (Ca-Ia objects) to those with SN Ib/c-like features (Ca-Ib/c objects) at peak light. Within the Ca-Ib/c events, we find two populations distinguished by their red (g-r~1.5mag) or green (g-r~0.5mag) colors at the r-band peak, wherein redder events show strong line blanketing features and slower light curves (similar to Ca-Ia objects), weaker He lines, and lower [CaII]/[OI] in the nebular phase. We find that all together the spectroscopic continuum, volumetric rates, and striking old environments are consistent with the explosive burning of He shells on low-mass white dwarfs. We suggest that Ca-Ia and red Ca-Ib/c objects arise from the double detonation of He shells, while green Ca-Ib/c objects are consistent with low-efficiency burning scenarios like detonations in low-density shells or deflagrations.2020ApJ...905...58Dhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/905/58CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)VII/195 : Globular Clusters in the Milky Way (Harris, 1996)VII/202 : Globular Clusters in the Milky Way (Harris, 1997)VII/281 : GLADE v2.3 catalog (Dalya+, 2018)J/ApJ/560/566 : K-band galaxy LF from 2MASS (Kochanek+, 2001)J/ApJ/696/870 : Catalina Real-time Transient Survey (CRTS) (Drake+, 2009)J/ApJ/707/1449 : Local hosts of SNe Ia (Neill+, 2009)J/ApJ/741/97 : Light curves of Ibc supernovae (Drout+, 2011)J/MNRAS/412/1441 : SNe luminosity functions (Li+, 2011)J/MNRAS/425/1789 : Berkeley supernova Ia program. I. (Silverman+, 2012)J/MNRAS/429/2143 : Hidden population of AM CVns in the SDSS (Carter+, 2013)J/A+A/593/A68 : PTF12os & iPTF13bvn spectra & light curves (Fremling+, 2016)J/ApJ/827/90 : Spectroscopy of SNe Ib, IIb and Ic (Liu+, 2016)J/ApJ/836/60 : Bgri light curves of PTF11kmb and PTF12bho (Lunnan+, 2017)J/other/Sci/362.201 : iPTF 14gqr (SN 2014ft) photometry (De+, 2018)J/A+A/618/A37 : Sp. log of (i)PTF stripped-envelope SN (Fremling+, 2018)J/ApJ/880/7 : Census of the Local Universe survey. I. (Cook+, 2019)J/A+A/630/A76 : SN2016hnk photometry and spectroscopy (Galbany+, 2019)J/A+A/631/A147 : Transient processing & analysis using AMPEL (Nordin+, 2019)J/ApJ/886/152 : ZTF early observations of Type Ia SNe. I. LCs (Yao+, 2019)J/ApJ/896/165 : Optical light curves of SN 2016hnk (Jacobson-Galan+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/905/58https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/905/58http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/905/58https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/905/58https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/905/58http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/905/58GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/905/58/table1 (Summary of the properties of the 22 faint hydrogen-poor transients selected for nebular phase follow-up in this work (+ SN2018gwo))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/905/58/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/905/58/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/905/58/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true211.549759.34425830.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/905/58/table4 (Spectral fit parameters for the Ca-rich gap transients presented in this paper, together with the fits for the literature sample of Ca-rich gap transients)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/905/58/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/905/58/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/905/58/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true211.549759.34425830.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/905/58/table5 (Light curve fit parameters for the Ca-rich gap transients presented in this paper, together with the fits for the literature sample of Ca-rich gap transients)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/905/58/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/905/58/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/905/58/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true211.549759.34425830.0055555555555555566/2388 3565 4449 4650 4944 7319 7327 7923 8368 8466 8945 9018 9305 9471 9473 9891 10379 10415 10781 11405 11951 13543 17667 17777 19474 19959 20152 20745 22932 26454 28303 31426 32229https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/905/58?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/905/58/table1Summary of the properties of the 22 faint hydrogen-poor transients selected for nebular phase follow-up in this work (+ SN2018gwo)LCInteractive LC Plotmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNobsNumber of spectra for this SNmeta.numberintnullableZTFZTF identifiermeta.idcharNameSN namemeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryf_Name[*] Flag on SN 2018gwo (1)meta.codecharRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharSpTSpectral type (2)src.spTypecharDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainl_rMAGLimit flag on rMAGmeta.code.errorcharrMAG[-17.03/-13.9] Absolute r-band magnitudemagphys.magAbs;em.opt.Rfloatl_FCa/OILimit flag on FCa/OImeta.code.errorcharFCa/OI? [CaII]/[OI] flux ratiophot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullablen_FCa/OINote on FCa/OI (3)meta.notecharPhase[16/357] Phasetime.phaseintz[0.006/0.045] Redshiftsrc.redshiftfloatSep1[1.3/54.2] Host offset in arcsecarcsecpos.angDistancefloatSep2[0.6/26.7] Host offset in kpckpcpos.angDistancefloatDateObservation date; column added by CDS from Fig 5 and 29obs.param;obsnullableTelTelescope; column added by CDS from Fig 5 and 29 (G1)meta.id;instr.telcharNpNumber of photometric measurements for this SN (link to Table 2)meta.numberintnullableNspNumber of spectroscopic measurements for this SN (link to Fig 5)meta.numberintnullableSpInteractive plot of spectrummeta.ref.urlcharNspCNumber of spectroscopic measurements for this SN in the control sample (link to Fig 29)meta.numberintnullableSpCInteractive plot of spectrummeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/905/58/table2Photometry of all the sources presented in this paperNameSN namemeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMJD[58242.23/58931.3] Modified Julian Datedtime.epochdoublePhase[-39.43/545] Rest frame phase; days from r peakdtime.phasefloatFilt[gri] Filter usedinstr.setup;instr.filtercharl_mag5{sigma} upper limit at the transient locationmeta.code.errorcharmag[15.83/26.5] Apparent magnitude in Filt not corrected for Galactic extinctionmagphot.magfloate_mag[0.01/0.4]? Uncertainty in magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableInstInstrument used (1)instr.setupcharJ/ApJ/905/58/table4Spectral fit parameters for the Ca-rich gap transients presented in this paper, together with the fits for the literature sample of Ca-rich gap transientse_V1[40/1140]? Uncertainty in V1km/sstat.errorintnullableW2[6355/7065]? Wavelength of the measured V20.1nmem.wlintnullablel_RatioLower limit on Ratio where [OI] is not detected (see text)meta.code.error;arith.ratiocharRatio[2.1/22.35]? Measured [CaII]/[OI] ratiophot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_Ratio[0.05/4.4]? Uncertainty in Ratiostat.error;arith.ratiofloatnullableRefReference (G2)meta.ref;pos.framecharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSN namemeta.id;meta.maincharn_NameSN name (1)meta.notecharPhase[-8/265] Time since maximumdtime.phaseintV1[3620/15010]? The HeI 5876{AA} velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVelocintnullableW1[5800/5876]? Wavelength of the measured V1 line0.1nmem.wlintnullableV2[2470/11120]? The HeI 7065{AA}/SiII 6355{AA} velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVelocintnullablee_V2[20/760]? Uncertainty in V2km/sstat.errorintnullableCLUDisplay the properties for this SN presented in this paper (link to Table 1)meta.numberintnullableFitDisplay the spectral and LC fit parameters for this SN (link to Tables 4 and 5)meta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/905/58/table5Light curve fit parameters for the Ca-rich gap transients presented in this paper, together with the fits for the literature sample of Ca-rich gap transientsNameSN namemeta.id;meta.mainchartf0.5[5/15.3]? Fall time from peak to half peak fluxdtime.epochfloatnullablee_tf0.5[0.3/3.2]? Uncertainty in tf0.5dstat.errorfloatnullableDelm7[0.09/0.8]? Magnitude drop after 7 days post peakmagphot.mag;arith.difffloatnullablee_Delm7[0.02/0.5]? Uncertainty in Delm7magstat.errorfloatnullableRefReference (G2)meta.ref;pos.framecharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFilt[BVRIGgrizg'r' ] Filter usedinstr.setup;instr.filterchartpk[53387.15/58747.78] Modified Julian Date of peak time in Filtdtime.epoch;stat.maxdoublee_tpk[0.2/3.2]? Uncertainty in tpkdstat.errorfloatnullablemagpk[16.2/20.3] Peak apparent magnitude in Filt (1)magphot.mag;stat.maxfloate_magpk[0.01/0.3] Uncertainty in magpkmagstat.errorfloatMAGpk[-17.1/-13.42] Peak absolute magnitude in Filtmagphys.magAbs;stat.maxfloattr0.5[5.8/8.81]? Rise time to peak from half peak fluxdtime.epochfloatnullablee_tr0.5[0.2/1.8]? Uncertainty in tr0.5dstat.errorfloatnullableCLUDisplay the properties for this SN presented in this paper (link to Table 1)meta.numberintnullableFitDisplay the spectral and LC fit parameters for this SN (link to Tables 4 and 5)meta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/905/58/fig5Spectroscopic sequence of the Ca-rich gap transients presented in this paperDateObservation datetime.epoch;obsnullableindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintZTFZTF identifier (see the corresponding SN name in Table 1)meta.id;meta.maincharTelFacility identifier (G1)meta.idcharlambda[3056.1/10309.4] Wavelength; Angstroms0.1nmem.wldoubleFlux[-0.045/1.8]? Flux density (1)phot.fluxdoublenullableJ/ApJ/905/58/fig29Photospheric and nebular phase spectrum of objects in the control that did not pass either the early nebular-phase transition criterion or the nebular-phase [CaII]/[OI] thresholdrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintZTFZTF identifier (see the corresponding SN name in Table 1)meta.id;meta.maincharDateObservation datetime.epoch;obsnullableindexedTelFacility identifier (G1)meta.idcharlambda[3056/10499.8] Wavelength; Angstroms0.1nmem.wldoubleFlux[-1.3e-15/1.7e-14]? Flux density; in erg/s/cm^2^/{AA} unitscW.m**-2.nm**-1meta.unit;phot.fluxdoublenullable