J/ApJ/904/172ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/904/172doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19040172CDSDi Francesco J.Keown J.Fallscheer C.Andre P.Ladjelate B.,Konyves V.Men'shchikov A.Stephens-Whale S.Nguyen-Luong Q.Martin P.,Sadavoy S.Pezzuto S.Fiorellino E.Benedettini M.Schneider N.,Bontemps S.Arzoumanian D.Palmeirim P.Kirk J.M.Ward-Thompson D.2022-06-13T09:47:10Z2022-04-05T06:26:30ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frinterstellar-mediumyoung-stellar-objectsstar-forming-regionsinfrared-photometrymillimeter-astronomyphotometrysubmillimeter-astronomyWe present Herschel SPIRE and PACS maps of the Cepheus Flare clouds L1157, L1172, L1228, L1241, and L1251, observed by the Herschel Gould Belt Survey of nearby star-forming molecular clouds. Through modified blackbody fits to the SPIRE and PACS data, we determine typical cloud column densities of (0.5-1.0)x1021/cm^2^ and typical cloud temperatures of 14-15K. Using the getsources identification algorithm, we extract 832 dense cores from the SPIRE and PACS data at 160-500{mu}m. From placement in a mass versus size diagram, we consider 303 to be candidate prestellar cores, and 178 of these to be "robust" prestellar cores. From an independent extraction of sources at 70{mu}m, we consider 25 of the 832 dense cores to be protostellar. The distribution of background column densities coincident with candidate prestellar cores peaks at (2-4)x1021/cm^2^. About half of the candidate prestellar cores in Cepheus may have formed as a result of the widespread fragmentation expected to occur within filaments of "transcritical" line mass. The lognormal robust prestellar core mass function (CMF) drawn from all five Cepheus clouds peaks at 0.56M{sun} and has a width of ~0.5dex, similar to that of Aquila's CMF. Indeed, the width of Cepheus's aggregate CMF is similar to the stellar system initial mass function (IMF). The similarity of CMF widths in different clouds and the system IMF suggests a common, possibly turbulent origin for seeding the fluctuations that evolve into prestellar cores and stars.2020ApJ...904..172Dhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/904/172CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVII/233 : The 2MASS Extended sources (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)J/ApJ/428/693 : Rosette Nebula and Maddalena Cloud structures (Williams+ 1994)J/ApJS/110/21 : Molecular clouds in Cepheus and Cassiopeia (Yonekura+ 1997)J/ApJS/179/249 : Low-luminosity embedded protostar population (Dunham+, 2008)J/A+A/487/993 : MAMBO Mapping of c2d Clouds and Cores (Kauffmann+, 2008)J/ApJS/185/198 : The Cepheus flare observed with IRAC and MIPS (Kirk+, 2009)J/A+A/584/A91 : Catalog of dense cores Aquila from Herschel (Konyves+, 2015)J/MNRAS/459/342 : Dense cores in Taurus L1495 cloud (Marsh+, 2016)J/A+A/619/A52 : Dense cores and YSOs in Lupus complex (Benedettini+, 2018)J/A+A/615/A125 : Molecular cloud in Corona Australis (Bresnahan+, 2018)J/ApJ/867/151 : YSOs in Gould Belt regions with Gaia-DR2 data (Dzib+, 2018)J/A+A/635/A34 : Catalog of dense cores Orion B from Herschel (Konyves+, 2020)J/A+A/638/A74 : Catalog of dense cores Oph molecular cloud (Ladjelate+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/904/172https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/904/172http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/904/172https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/904/172https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/904/172http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/904/172GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/904/172/table1 (Details of Herschel observations)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/904/172/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/904/172/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/904/172/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true310.26007067267.74613479330.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/904/172/tablec1 (Observed properties of dense cores in Cepheus)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/904/172/tablec1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/904/172/tablec1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/904/172/tablec1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true309.776568.03783060.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/904/172/tablec2 (Derived properties of dense cores in Cepheus)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/904/172/tablec2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/904/172/tablec2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/904/172/tablec2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true309.776568.03783060.0055555555555555565/3991 4032 4049 6/15786 15855 15959 16189-16191 16201-16204 16206 16225 16227-16228 162773.972892068905477e-22 2.837779945223663e-21https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/904/172?format=asciiInfraredMillimeterdefaultJ/ApJ/904/172/table1Details of Herschel observationsSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharCloudCloud identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000[310/339] Degree of right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[67.7/77.5] Degree of declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainObs[2009/2010] Year of observationtime.epochObsIDObservation identifiersmeta.id;obs.param;obsNobsNumber of observed properties for this cloudmeta.numberintnullableNderNumber of derived properties for this cloudmeta.numberintnullableJ/ApJ/904/172/tablec1Observed properties of dense cores in CepheusCoretypeCore type (5)src.classchare_Stot250[1e-30/4] Error in Stot250Jystat.errorfloatCloudCloud identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[1/205] Core running numbermeta.idintRAJ2000[20/22] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[66/78] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainSigni70[0/4732]? Detection significance at 70um (1)stat.likelihood;obsfloatnullableSp70[-0.93/54.6] Peak intensity at 70umJy/beamphot.flux;em.IR.60-100umdoublee_Sp70[1e-30/4] Error in Sp70Jy/beamstat.errorfloatSp70/Sbg70[-15.8/915] Contrast over local background at 70umphot.flux;arith.ratiofloatSconv70[-6.07/63.9] Smoothed peak intensity at 70um (2)Jy/beamphot.flux;em.IR.60-100umdoubleStot70[-11.4/135] Total integrated flux density at 70umJyphot.flux;em.IR.60-100umdoublee_Stot70[1e-30/7] Error in Stot70Jystat.errorfloatFWHMa70[8.4/212]? Major FWHM diameter at 70umarcsecphys.angSize.smajAxisfloatnullableFWHMb070[8.4/179.8]? Minor FWHM diameter at 70umarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisfloatnullablePA070[0/179.8]? Position angle at 70um (3)degpos.posAngfloatnullableSigni160[0.0/3122.0] Detection significance at 160um (1)stat.likelihood;obsfloatSp160[-0.082/52.2] Peak intensity at 160umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzdoublee_Sp160[0.0012/4.1] Error in Sp160Jy/beamstat.errorfloatSp160/Sbg160[-13.618/102.576] Contrast over local background at 160 umphot.flux;arith.ratiofloatSconv160[-0.214/83.3] Smoothed peak intensity at 160um (2)Jy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzdoubleStot160[-0.155/120.0] Total integrated flux density at 160umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzdoublee_Stot160[0.002/6.8] Error in Stot160Jystat.errorfloatFWHMa160[13.5/189.6]? Major FWHM diameter at 160umarcsecphys.angSize.smajAxisfloatnullableFWHMb160[13.5/180]? Minor FWHM diameter at 160umarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisfloatnullablePA160[0/180]? Position angle at 160um (3)degpos.posAngfloatnullableSigni250[0/2862] Detection significance at 250um (1)stat.likelihood;obsfloatSp250[-0.02/41.5] Peak intensity at 250umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoublee_Sp250[1e-30/3] Error in Sp250Jy/beamstat.errorfloatSp250/Sbg250[-41.96/1139] Contrast over local background at 250umphot.flux;arith.ratiodoubleSconv250[-0.03/38.6] Smoothed peak intensity at 250um (2)Jy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoubleStot250[0.01/63] Total integrated flux density at 250umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoubleFWHMa250[18.2/169]? Major FWHM diameter at 250umarcsecphys.angSize.smajAxisfloatnullableFWHMb250[18.2/89.3]? Minor FWHM diameter at 250umarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisfloatnullablePA250[0.3/180]? Position angle at 250um (3)degpos.posAngfloatnullableSigni350[0/1982] Detection significance at 350um (1)stat.likelihood;obsfloatSp350[-0.12/28.1] Peak intensity at 350umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoublee_Sp350[0.0029/1.2] Error in Sp350Jy/beamstat.errorfloatSp350/Sbg350[-87.5/21.2] Contrast over local background at 350umphot.flux;arith.ratiofloatSconv350[-0.14/26.4] Smoothed peak intensity at 350um (2)Jy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoubleStot350[-0.37/32.7] Total integrated flux density at 350umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoublee_Stot350[0.002/1.2] Error in Stot350Jystat.errorfloatFWHMa350[24.9/158]? Major FWHM diameter at 350umarcsecphys.angSize.smajAxisfloatnullableFWHMb350[24.9/112]? Minor FWHM diameter at 350umarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisfloatnullablePA350[0.3/180]? Position angle at 350um (3)degpos.posAngfloatnullableSigni500[0/1213] Detection significance at 500um (1)stat.likelihood;obsfloatSp500[1.8e-18/17.4] Peak intensity at 500umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzdoublee_Sp500[1e-30/0.48] Error in Sp500Jy/beamstat.errorfloatSp500/Sbg500[-66.6/33] Contrast over local background at 500umphot.flux;arith.ratiofloatStot500[-0.22/18.5] Total integrated flux density at 500umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzdoublee_Stot500[1e-30/0.48] Error in Stot500 at 500umJystat.errorfloatFWHMa500[36.3/158]? Major FWHM diameter at 500umarcsecphys.angSize.smajAxisfloatnullableFWHMb500[36.3/109]? Minor FWHM diameter at 500umarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisfloatnullablePA500[0.7/180]? Position angle at 500um (3)degpos.posAngfloatnullableSigniNH2[5/1250] Detection significance at column densitystat.likelihood;obsfloatNpH2[2.4/819] Peak H_2_ column density at 18.2" resolution1e+21cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatNpH2/NbgH2[0.1/6.8] Contrast over local background at column densityphys.density;arith.ratiofloatNconvH2[0.0/8.4] Peak H_2_ column density in a 36.3" resolution1e+21cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatNbgH2[3.675/211] Local background H_2_ column density1e+21cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatFWHMaNH2[18.2/160] Major FWHM diameter of core at NH2arcsecphys.angSize.smajAxisfloatFWHMbNH2[18.2/117] Minor FWHM diameter of core at NH2arcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisfloatPANH2[0.5/180] Position angle of core at NH2 (3)degpos.posAngfloatNSED[0/5] Number significant Herschel bandsmeta.numberintCSARflag[0/1] Identified by CSAR flag (4)meta.codeintNSIMBADSIMBAD counterparts within 6arcsecmeta.numbercharNNEDNED counterparts within 6arcsecmeta.numbercharNSPITZERSPITZER counterparts within 6arcsec (6)meta.numbercharNameCore name, HGBS JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSSmeta.idcharJ/ApJ/904/172/tablec2Derived properties of dense cores in CepheusCoretypeCore type (3)src.classcharSeq[1/205] Core running numbermeta.idintCloudCloud identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameCore name, HGBS JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSSmeta.idcharRAJ2000[20/22] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[66/78] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainRd[6.6e-10/0.23] Deconvolved core radius (1)pcphys.size.radiusfloatRobs[0.03/0.24] Observed core radius (2)pcphys.size.radiusfloatMcore[-0.13/10.1] Estimated core masssolMassphys.massfloate_Mcore[0/8.76]? Uncertainty in McoresolMassstat.errorfloatnullableTdust[5.8/33.2] Dust temperature from SED fittingKphys.temperaturefloate_Tdust[0/6.8]? Uncertainty in the TdustKstat.errorfloatnullableNH2peak[-2.91e+18/2.4e+29] Peak H2 column density at 36.3" resolution1e+21cm**-2phys.columnDensitydoubleNH2av[-3.32e+20/1.9e+37] Average NH2 derived with Robs1e+21cm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.meandoubleNH2avd[-2.8e+20/7.8e+22] Average NH2 derived with Rd1e+21cm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.meandoublenH2peak[-2.91e+18/1120000000000] Beam-averaged Peak volume density10000cm**-3meta.bib.volumedoublenH2av[-1120/6.9e+27] Average core volume density from Robs10000cm**-3meta.bib.volumedoublenH2avd[-862/551000] Average core volume density10000cm**-3meta.bib.volumedoublealphaBE[-13.3/357] Bonnor-Ebert mass ratiophys.mass;arith.ratiofloatComComments (4)meta.notechar