J/ApJ/904/155ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/904/155doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19040155CDSAndreoni I.Kool E.C.Carracedo A.S.Kasliwal M.M.Bulla M.Ahumada T.,Coughlin M.W.Anand S.Sollerman J.Goobar A.Kaplan D.L.,Loveridge T.T.Karambelkar V.Cooke J.Bagdasaryan A.Bellm E.C.,Cenko S.B.Cook D.O.De K.Dekany R.Delacroix A.Drake A.Duev D.A.,Fremling C.Golkhou V.Z.Graham M.J.Hale D.Kulkarni S.R.Kupfer T.,Laher R.R.Mahabal A.A.Masci F.J.Rusholme B.Smith R.M.,Tzanidakis A.Van Sistine A.Yao Y.2022-06-13T13:28:26Z2022-03-30T09:16:22ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frneutron-starsnovaeinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomyphotometryThe first binary neutron star merger, GW170817, was accompanied by a radioactivity-powered optical/infrared transient called a kilonova. To date, no compelling kilonova has been found in all-sky optical surveys, independently of short gamma-ray burst and gravitational-wave triggers. In this work, we searched the first 23 months of the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) data stream for candidate kilonovae in the form of rapidly evolving transients. We combined ZTF alert queries with forced point-spread-function photometry and nightly flux stacking to increase our sensitivity to faint and fast transients. Automatic queries yielded >11200 candidates, 24 of which passed quality checks and selection criteria based on a grid of kilonova models tailored for both binary neutron star and neutron star-black hole mergers. None of the candidates in our sample was deemed a possible kilonova after thorough vetting. The sources that passed our selection criteria are dominated by Galactic cataclysmic variables. We identified two fast transients at high Galactic latitude, one of which is the confirmed afterglow of long-duration GRB190106A, the other is a possible cosmological afterglow. Using a survey simulation code, we constrained the kilonova rate for a range of models including top-hat, linearly decaying light curves, and synthetic light curves obtained with radiative transfer simulations. For prototypical GW170817-like kilonovae, we constrain the rate to be R<1775/Gpc^3^/yr (95% confidence). By assuming a population of kilonovae with the same geometry and composition of GW170817 observed under a uniform viewing angle distribution, we obtained a constraint on the rate of R<4029/Gpc^3^/yr.2020ApJ...904..155Ahttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/904/155CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVII/281 : GLADE v2.3 catalog (Dalya+, 2018)J/MNRAS/395/1409 : Type II-P SN progenitor constraints (Smartt+, 2009)J/MNRAS/437/968 : AGN automatic photometric classification (Cavuoti+, 2014)J/ApJ/788/48 : X-ray through NIR photometry of NGC 2617 (Shappee+, 2014)J/MNRAS/450/3893 : SDSS DR10 catalogue of candidate quasars (Brescia+, 2015)J/ApJ/848/L29 : Opt. follow-up of GW170817 counterpart (Diaz+, 2017)J/MNRAS/471/4966 : ASAS-SN bright supernova catalogue 2016 (Holoien+, 2017)J/ApJ/884/L55 : Opt. follow-up of galaxies S190814bv region (Gomez+, 2019)J/ApJ/886/152 : ZTF early observations of Type Ia SNe. I. LCs (Yao+, 2019)J/ApJ/890/131 : Follow-up candidate counterparts of S190814bv (Andreoni+, 2020)J/ApJ/895/32 : Zwicky Transient Facility BTS. I. (Fremling+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/904/155https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/904/155http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/904/155https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/904/155https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/904/155http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/904/155GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/904/155/table1 (*Candidates that passed our selection criteria)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/904/155/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/904/155/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/904/155/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true245.8099465.010230.0055555555555555566/744 2559 2872 3079 3585 6377 6559 11126 11582 13067 13704 15168 16001 28187 29700 29893 30124 30127 30197 30518 31089 31854 31949 36762https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/904/155?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/904/155/table1*Candidates that passed our selection criteriarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDCandidate identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryf_IDFlag on ID (1)meta.codecharRAJ2000[16/343] Degree of right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-17.7/65.1] Degree of declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainGLAT[-58.5/65.7] Galactic latitudedegpos.galactic.latfloatl_DistLimit flag on Distmeta.code.errorcharDist[1.5/23.7]? Distance to the closest sourcearcsecpos.angDistancefloatnullablescore[0/0.49]? Star/galaxy classification scoremeta.code.class;src.classfloatnullableCLU?[0/1] Possible crossmatch with CLU galaxies ?meta.codeintNoteAdditional notemeta.notecharNobsNumber of observationsmeta.numberintnullableLCInteractive Plotmeta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/904/155/fig5Forced photometry light curves of candidatesFilt[gri] Filter usedinstr.setup;instr.filtercharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDCandidate identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharJD[2458272/2458913] Julian Date of observationdtime.epochdoublemag[15.4/21.7]? Apparent magnitude in Filtermagphot.magfloatnullablee_mag[0.01/0.3]? Uncertainty in magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablelmag[16.1/22.3]? Limiting magnitudemagphot.magfloatnullable