J/ApJ/904/140ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/904/140doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19040140CDSCurtis J.L.Agueros M.A.Matt S.P.Covey K.R.Douglas S.T.Angus R.,Saar S.H.Cody A.M.Vanderburg A.Law N.M.Kraus A.L.Latham D.W.,Baranec C.Riddle R.Ziegler C.Lund M.N.Torres G.Meibom S.,Aguirre V.S.Wright J.T.2022-09-30T22:13:19Z2022-05-11T07:59:36ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fropen-star-clustersstellar-agesradial-velocityproper-motionsinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomybroad-band-photometrystellar-spectral-typeseffective-temperaturestellar-massesastronomical-object-identificationRecent measurements of rotation periods (P_rot_) in the benchmark open clusters Praesepe (670Myr), NGC6811 (1Gyr), and NGC752 (1.4Gyr) demonstrate that, after converging onto a tight sequence of slowly rotating stars in mass-period space, stars temporarily stop spinning down. These data also show that the duration of this epoch of stalled spin-down increases toward lower masses. To determine when stalled stars resume spinning down, we use data from the K2 mission and the Palomar Transient Factory to measure P_rot_ for 58 dwarf members of the 2.7Gyr old cluster Ruprecht 147, 39 of which satisfy our criteria designed to remove short-period or near-equal-mass binaries. Combined with the Kepler P_rot_ data for the approximately coeval cluster NGC6819 (30 stars with M*>0.85M_{sun}_), our new measurements more than double the number of ~2.5Gyr benchmark rotators and extend this sample down to ~0.55M_{sun}_. The slowly rotating sequence for this joint sample appears relatively flat (22{+/-}2days) compared to sequences for younger clusters. This sequence also intersects the Kepler intermediate-period gap, demonstrating that this gap was not created by a lull in star formation. We calculate the time at which stars resume spinning down and find that 0.55M_{sun}_ stars remain stalled for at least 1.3Gyr. To accurately age-date low-mass stars in the field, gyrochronology formulae must be modified to account for this stalling timescale. Empirically tuning a core-envelope coupling model with open cluster data can account for most of the apparent stalling effect. However, alternative explanations, e.g., a temporary reduction in the magnetic braking torque, cannot yet be ruled out.2020ApJ...904..140Chttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/904/140CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)I/289 : UCAC2 Catalogue (Zacharias+ 2004)I/297 : NOMAD Catalog (Zacharias+ 2005)I/317 : The PPMXL Catalog (Roeser+ 2010)IV/34 : K2 Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) (Huber+, 2017)I/347 : Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia DR2 (Bailer-Jones+, 2018)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)V/154 : Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), Release 16 (DR16) (Ahumada+, 2020)J/A+A/619/A73 : Solar Twins age-chromospheric act. (Lorenzo-Oliveira+, 2018)J/A+A/417/557 : Rotation & variability of PMS Stars in NGC 2264 (Lamm, 2004)J/ApJS/152/261 : Chromospheric Ca II emission in nearby stars (Wright+, 2004)J/AJ/130/1916 : Metallicity indices in open clusters (Marshall+, 2005)J/ApJS/159/141 : Spectroscopic properties of cool stars. I. (Valenti+, 2005)J/AJ/134/2340 : Membership of Praesepe & Coma Berenices (Kraus+, 2007)J/AJ/135/2264 : Stellar radial velocities in NGC 188 (Geller+, 2008)J/ApJ/687/1264 : Age estimation for solar-type dwarfs (Mamajek+, 2008)J/ApJ/691/342 : griBVI photometry in M37 (Hartman+, 2009)J/AJ/138/159 : NGC 6819 stellar radial-velocity and photometry (Hole+, 2009)J/AJ/137/5086 : NGC 188 V12 VI light curves (Meibom+, 2009)J/ApJ/695/679 : Stellar rotation in M35 (Meibom+, 2009)J/ApJS/190/1 : A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)J/ApJ/733/L9 : Stellar rotation for 71 NGC 6811 members (Meibom+, 2011)J/ApJ/733/115 : Rotation periods and membership in M34 (Meibom+, 2011)J/ApJ/757/112 : Stellar diameters. II. K and M-stars (Boyajian+, 2012)J/AJ/145/134 : Radial velocities of 108 stars in Ruprecht 147 (Curtis+, 2013)J/MNRAS/432/1203 : Rotation periods of M-dwarf stars (McQuillan+, 2013)J/AJ/146/43 : WIYN open cluster study. LV. NGC 6819 (Platais+, 2013)J/A+A/552/A64 : Gaia-RVS standards (Soubiran+, 2013)J/ApJ/776/67 : Rotational tracks (van Saders+, 2013)J/AJ/148/51 : WIYN Open Cluster. LXI. NGC6819 photo. (Anthony-Twarog+, 2014)J/ApJS/211/24 : Rotation periods of Kepler MS stars (McQuillan+, 2014)J/AJ/148/38 : WIYN open cluster study. LX. NGC6819 RVs (Milliman+, 2014)J/ApJS/215/19 : APOKASC catalog of Kepler red giants (Pinsonneault+, 2014)J/A+A/583/A73 : Color-period diagram for M48 (NGC2548) (Barnes+, 2015)J/AJ/149/121 : WOCS. LXV. Abundances in NGC 6819 (Lee-Brown+, 2015)J/ApJ/804/64 : Empirical and model parameters of 183 M dwarfs (Mann+, 2015)J/AJ/150/134 : uvbyCaH{beta} photometry of NGC 752 (Twarog+, 2015)J/MNRAS/448/822 : LAMOST candidate members of star clusters (Xiang+, 2015)J/ApJS/225/32 : Extended abundance analysis of cool stars (Brewer+, 2016)J/AJ/151/66 : Velocities of WOCS24009 & WOCS40007 in NGC6819 (Brewer+, 2016)J/ApJ/822/81 : PTF stellar rotation periods Pleiades members (Covey+, 2016)J/ApJ/822/47 : K2 rotation periods for 65 Hyades members (Douglas+, 2016)J/ApJS/224/2 : K2 EPIC stellar properties for 138600 targets (Huber+, 2016)J/MNRAS/463/696 : M67 solar twins chemical compositions (Liu+, 2016)J/ApJ/823/114 : The Cannon: a new approach to determine masses (Ness+, 2016)J/AJ/152/113 : Pleiades members with K2 LCs. I. Periods (Rebull+, 2016)J/AJ/152/115 : Pleiades members with K2 light curves. III. (Stauffer+, 2016)J/ApJ/842/83 : Praesepe members rotational periods K2 LCs (Douglas+, 2017)J/ApJ/835/75 : Common proper motion stars in the Kepler field (Janes, 2017)J/ApJ/845/72 : Factory & the beehive. III. PTFEB132.707+19.810 (Kraus+, 2017)J/AJ/154/107 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). I. (Petigura+, 2017)J/ApJ/839/92 : Praesepe members with K2 light curve data (Rebull+, 2017)J/ApJ/862/33 : Improved & expanded membership catalog NGC752 (Agueros+, 2018)J/AJ/155/138 : WOCS.LXXVI. Vel. & abund. of NGC2506 (Anthony-Twarog+,2018)J/A+A/619/A176 : Chemical composition of Ruprecht 147 (Bragaglia+, 2018)J/ApJS/237/38 : Extended abundance analysis of KOIs (Brewer+, 2018)J/A+A/618/A93 : Gaia DR2 open clusters in the Milky Way (Cantat-Gaudin+, 2018)J/AJ/155/173 : K2 light curve for K2-231 (Curtis+, 2018)J/AJ/156/142 : Precision cluster abund. APOGEE using SDSS DR14 (Donor+, 2018)J/A+A/616/A10 : 46 open clusters GaiaDR2 HR diag. (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/AJ/155/196 : Analysis of K2 LCs members of USco & {rho} Oph (Rebull+, 2018)J/AJ/156/83 : Stellar companions effects in planetary syst. (Ziegler+, 2018)J/ApJ/879/49 : Rotation periods for 171 Gaia members NGC6811 (Curtis+, 2019)J/AJ/158/77 : Candidates & members of Pisces-Eridanus stream (Curtis+, 2019)J/AJ/158/163 : Li abundance values for stars in NGC 6819 (Deliyannis+, 2019)J/ApJ/879/100 : K2 Prot for Hyades & Praesepe members (Douglas+, 2019)J/AJ/158/122 : Local structure & SFH of the MW (Kounkel+, 2019)J/A+A/625/A115 : Ruprecht 147 DANCe. I. (Olivares+, 2019)J/A+A/621/A21 : Activity of Kepler stars (Reinhold+, 2019)J/ApJ/887/109 : EBs in Ruprecht 147. II. EPIC219568666 RVs (Torres+, 2019)J/AJ/160/90 : Stellar parameters for 13196 Kepler dwarfs (Angus+, 2020)J/A+A/635/A8 : Differential abundances of open clusters (Casamiquela+, 2020)J/AJ/159/199 : OCCAM. IV. Open cluster abund using APOGEE DR16 (Donor+, 2020)J/A+A/635/A43 : Stellar rotation periods K2 Campaigns 0-18 (Reinhold+, 2020)J/ApJ/896/162 : EBs in Ruprecht 147. III. EPIC 219552514 (Torres+, 2020)J/A+A/636/A74 : HARPS radial velocity database (Trifonov+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/904/140https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/904/140http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/904/140https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/904/140https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/904/140http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/904/140GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/904/140/table1 (Ruprecht 147 catalog)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/904/140/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/904/140/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/904/140/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true291.61521-21.24604610.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/904/140/table5 (Data for the Pleiades, Praesepe, NGC 6811, NGC 752, NGC 6819, and Ruprecht 147 clusters)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/904/140/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/904/140/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/904/140/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true53.8821580622.823390.0055555555555555564/1858 5/113 115-116 118 1171 1174 1177 1180 3688 7255 7261 7263 7426 6/361 366-367 376-378 449-450 457-459 476 478 480-481 484-485 496 2433 2435-2436 4676 4679 4689-4691 4694-4695 4700 4702 4716-4717 4724-4726 4728-4729 14778-14779 14782 15120-15121 15124 28998 29003 29005 29007 29013 29015 29017-29019 29029 29031 29040-29041 29043 29048-29049 29140 29144 29697 29699 29701 29710 29754-29755 29824 29830 29841-29842 48123 488108.650015785639275e-20 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/904/140?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/904/140/table1Ruprecht 147 catalogSpTSpectral typesrc.spTypecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMass[0.14/1.6]? MasssolMassphys.massfloatnullableCWW[1/108]? Identifier from Curtis+, 2013, J/AJ/145/134 (<[CWW2013] NNN> in Simbad)meta.id.crossintnullableSourceSource of astrometry (1)meta.bibcharplx[-6.3/10.6]? Parallaxmaspos.parallax.trigfloatnullablee_plx[0.02/2.4]? Uncertainty in Parallaxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatnullableepsi[0/6.4]? Astrometric excess noisestat.fit.paramfloatnullablesepsi[0/11200]? Significance of astrometric excess noisestat.fit.paramdoublenullableruwe[-1/79.5]? Re-normalised Unit-Weight Errorstat.errordoublenullableGmag[6.4/20.8]? Gaia DR2 G band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optdoublenullableBP-RP[-0.17/3.16]? Gaia DR2 color: (G_BP_-G_RP_)magphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.Rdoublenullablee_BP-RP[0.0007/0.8]? Gaia DR2 Photometric error (2)magstat.errorfloatnullableJmag[4.3/17]? 2MASS J magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.JfloatnullableKmag[3.3/17.1]? 2MASS Ks magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.KfloatnullableeJ-K[0.02/0.7]? 2MASS J-Ks color error (2)magem.IR.J;em.IR.KfloatnullableRVGaia[-65/71]? Gaia DR2 radial velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloatnullableSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullable_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.decnullableindexedGaiaDR2? Gaia DR2 Source IDmeta.id;meta.mainnullableEPIC[216809289/229228368]? K2 EPIC IDmeta.id.crosslongnullableNOMAD1NOMAD identifier (Zacharias+, 2005, I/297)meta.id.crosscharRA_ICRS[283.2/294] Right Ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=2015.5degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRS[-21.7/-10.7] Declination (ICRS) at Epoch=2015.5degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainpmRA[-6.1/4.8] Right ascension proper motionmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatpmDE[-34.9/-21.5] Declination proper motionmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decfloate_pmRA[0/4.8]? Proper motion errormas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablee_RVGaia[0.1/13.2]? Gaia DR2 radial velocity errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableRV[-42/102]? Median radial velocity from non-Gaia data (RV_R147Project)km/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoublenullableo_RV[0/41] Number of non-Gaia RV measurementsmeta.numberfloateRV[0.019/375]? RV variability to error ratio (3)stat.errorfloatnullabledRV[-107/60]? RV deviation from clusterkm/sstat.stdevdoublenullabledelTrv[0/4346]? RV epoch baselinedtime.intervalfloatnullableMemberMembership ("Yes"=395 occurrences) (4)meta.code.membercharpBinPhotometric binary from CMD (5)meta.codecharWBinWide Binary? (6)meta.codecharSpBinSpectroscopic Binary? (7)meta.codecharrad[0.035/6.03] Radial RA/Dec coordinate distancedegphys.angSize;srcfloatdrad[0.17/531]? 3D distance from cluster centerpcpos.distancefloatnullablef_dradI=Infinitymeta.codecharpmd[0.06/9.7] Proper motion deviation from clustermas/yrstat.stdev;pos.pmfloatdplx[-9.5/7.3]? Parallax deviation from clustermasstat.stdev;pos.parallaxdoublenullabledcmd[-1.98/0.95]? Photometric excess in Gmagphot.color.excessdoublenullableAORobo-AO detection, Yes, No, N/Ameta.codecharnmag[12.6/15.8]? G band magnitude of brightest neighbor within 12"magphot.mag;em.optdoublenullablenrad[8.1/14.6]? Distance to brightest neighbor within 12"arcsecphys.angSize;srcfloatnullableTeff[3152/10607]? Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectivefloatnullableK2/PTFObserved by K2? PTF? (8)meta.codecharProt[-21/30]? Rotation perioddtime.perioddoublenullabler_ProtSource of Prot light curve (9)meta.ref;pos.framecharsigmaLC[0/245]? Photometric noise for light curve, parts per thousandinstr.det.noisedoublenullableRvarLC[0/245] Photometric amplitude for light curve, parts per thousandsrc.var.amplitudedoubleBenchBenchmark (10)meta.codecharNotesNotes (11)meta.notecharClStar used for cluster data (link to Table 5)meta.ref.urlintnullableO19Display data from Olivares+ 2019, J/A+A/625/A115meta.ref.urlchar2MASS2MASS Source ID (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)meta.id.crosscharJ/ApJ/904/140/table5Data for the Pleiades, Praesepe, NGC 6811, NGC 752, NGC 6819, and Ruprecht 147 clustersONameOther name -- EPIC or KIC identifier (1)meta.idcharBP-RP[0.5/3.5] Gaia DR2 color: (G_BP_-G_RP_)magphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.Rdouble(BP-RP)0[0.4/3.4] Dereddened BP-RP color (2)magphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.RdoubleGmag[8.5/19.5] Gaia DR2 G band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optdoubleGMag[2.69/13.05] Absolute G band magnitude (2)magphys.magAbsdoubleTeff[2933/7034] Effective temperature (3)Kphys.temperature.effectivefloatProt[0.17/34.2] Rotational perioddtime.perioddoubleR147Display data from the Ruprecht 147 cat. (link to Table 1)meta.ref.urlintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2015.5 (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2015.5 (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClusterCluster Name (Pleiades, Praesepe, NGC 6811, NGC 752, NGC 6819 or Ruprecht 147)meta.id.parentcharAge[0.12/2.7] Cluster AgeGyrtime.agefloatAv[0.035/0.44] Average cluster reddeningmagphot.color.excessfloatGaiaDR2Gaia DR2 Source IDmeta.id;meta.mainRA_ICRS[28.69/295.74] Source Right Ascension, (ICRS) at Epoch=2015.5degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRS[-17.9/47] Source Declination (ICRS) at Epoch=2015.5degpos.eq.dec;meta.main