MAVERIC survey: Chandra X-ray sources in 38 GCs

MAVERIC survey: Chandra X-ray sources in 38 GCsJ/ApJ/901/57ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/901/57doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19010057CDSBahramian A.Strader J.Miller-Jones J.C.A.Chomiuk L.Heinke C.O.,Maccarone T.J.Pooley D.Shishkovsky L.Tudor V.Zhao Y.Li K.L.,Sivakoff G.R.Tremou E.Buchner J.2022-09-30T21:30:55Z2022-02-17T13:42:42ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frglobular-star-clustersx-ray-sourcessurveysGlobular clusters host a variety of lower-luminosity (L_X_<10^35^erg/s) X-ray sources, including accreting neutron stars (NSs) and black holes (BHs), millisecond pulsars (MSPs), cataclysmic variables, and chromospherically active binaries. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive catalog of more than 1100 X-ray sources in 38 Galactic globular clusters (GCs) observed by the Chandra X-ray Observatory's Chandra/ACIS detector. The targets are selected to complement the MAVERIC survey's deep radio continuum maps of Galactic GCs. We perform photometry and spectral analysis for each source, determine a best-fit model, and assess the possibility of it being a foreground or background source based on its spectral properties and location in the cluster. We also provide basic assessments of variability. We discuss the distribution of X-ray binaries in GCs and their X-ray luminosity function, and we carefully analyze systems with L_X_>10^33^erg/s. Among these moderately bright systems, we discover a new source in NGC 6539 that may be a candidate accreting stellar-mass BH or a transitional MSP. We show that quiescent NS low-mass X-ray binaries in GCs may spend ~2% of their lifetimes as transitional MSPs in their active (L_X_>10^33^erg/s) state. Finally, we identify a substantial underabundance of bright (L_X_>10^33^erg/s) intermediate polars in GCs compared to the Galactic field, in contrast with the literature of the past two decades.2020ApJ...901...57Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/901/57CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/chandra : The Chandra Archive Log (CXC, 1999-2014)VII/195 : Globular Clusters in the Milky Way (Harris, 1996)VII/202 : Globular Clusters in the Milky Way (Harris, 1997)J/A+AS/146/407 : Symbiotic stars catalogue (Belczynski+, 2000)J/other/Sci/292.2290 : Chandra compact binaries in 47 Tuc (Grindlay+, 2001)J/ApJ/578/405 : Neutron stars in NGC 5139 (Rutledge+, 2002)J/ApJ/625/796 : X-ray sources in 47 Tuc (Heinke+, 2005)J/ApJ/651/1098 : Faint X-ray sources in Terzan 5 (Heinke+, 2006)J/ApJ/662/525 : LMXBs in globular clusters of 5 galaxies (Kundu+, 2007)J/ApJ/657/286 : Chandra X-ray sources in M30 (NGC 7099) (Lugger+, 2007)J/AJ/133/1658 : ACS survey of galactic GCs (Sarajedini+, 2007)J/ApJS/179/360 : Thermonuclear X-ray bursts with RXTE (Galloway+, 2008)J/A+A/480/397 : XMM observations of NGC2808 & NGC4372 (Servillat+, 2008)J/A+A/490/641 : X-ray sources toward NGC 2808 (Servillat+, 2008)J/ApJ/697/224 : Chandra X-ray sources in {omega} Cen (Haggard+, 2009)J/ApJ/709/241 : X-rays sources in NGC 6397 (Bogdanov+, 2010)J/ApJ/766/136 : Stellar encounter rates in Gal. GCs (Bahramian+, 2013)J/ApJS/207/19 : Hard X-ray survey from Swift-BAT 6yrs (Baumgartner+, 2013)J/MNRAS/428/2500 : GX 339-4 radio/X-ray flux correlation (Corbel+, 2013)J/A+A/564/A125 : AGN Torus model comparison of AGN in CDFS (Buchner+, 2014)J/AJ/152/1 : Spectroscopy of EG And over roughly 14 years (Kenyon+, 2016)J/ApJS/222/15 : WATCHDOG: all-sky database of Gal. BHXBs (Tetarenko+, 2016)J/MNRAS/472/3706 : Globular cluster 47 Tuc with Chandra (Bhattacharya+, 2017)J/MNRAS/478/1520 : Milky Way globular clusters data (Baumgardt+, 2018)J/MNRAS/479/2834 : 233 X-ray sources in omega Centauri (Henleywillis+, 2018)J/ApJ/883/90 : X-ray sources in GCs. II. (Cheng+, 2019)J/ApJ/876/59 : Chandra X-ray sources in 47 Tuc (Cheng+, 2019)J/A+A/632/A3 : MUSE binaries in NGC 3201 (Giesers+, 2019)J/ApJ/903/73 : MAVERIC survey: deep VLA imaging of GCs (Shishkovsky+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/901/57https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/901/57http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/901/57https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/901/57https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/901/57http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/901/57GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/901/57/table1 (List of all Galactic globular clusters (GCs) and their Chandra/ACIS observations reduced and analyzed in this work)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/901/57/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/901/57/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/901/57/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true270.4545833-27.82583330.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/901/57/tablea1 (*Final X-ray source catalog)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/901/57/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/901/57/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/901/57/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true265.14919111-53.723276940.0055555555555555566/9436 9666 19091 28778 28815 28837 28867 28882 28889 28899 28905 28970 28972-28973 29184 29216 29233 29291 29377 29636 30321 30769 31019 31043 31115 31417 37294 38465 41304 41507 41513 41522 41852 42076 42278 42314 42761 42841 42955 47777 47971 48035 48434https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/901/57?format=asciiX-raydefaultJ/ApJ/901/57/table1List of all Galactic globular clusters (GCs) and their Chandra/ACIS observations reduced and analyzed in this workSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNobsNumber of Chandra observations for this globular clustermeta.numberintnullableGClGlobular cluster namemeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryObsID[79/20796] Chandra observation IDmeta.id;obsintf_ObsIDFlag on ObsID (1)meta.codecharDateObservation date (UT)time.epoch;obsnullableExp[2.5/147.7] Exposure timekstime.duration;obs.exposurefloatNxNumber of X-ray sources for this cluster (link to Table A1)meta.numberintnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main

J/ApJ/901/57/tablea1*Final X-ray source catalogBkg0.5-8[4/2195] Total background counts in 0.5-8keV bandctinstr.background;em.X-ray.mediumintGClHost GC namemeta.id.parentcharCXOUChandra identifier (HHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s; J2000; <[BSM2020b] CXOU JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s> in Simbad)meta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDet[0/2] Detection quality flag (0=confident detection) (1)meta.code.qualintSp[0/2] Spectrum quality flag (0=relatively reliable to 2=not reliable) (2)meta.codeintPagn[0/1]? Probability source is a background AGN (5)stat.fit.goodnessfloatnullableRAJ2000[137.99/325.12] Centroiding right Ascension (J2000) (7)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-73/43.2] Centroiding declination (J2000) (7)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainerrc[0.003/1.7] Centroiding uncertainty radiusarcsecstat.errorfloatRARdeg[137.99/325.12]? Right Ascension (J2000) estimated via image reconstructiondegpos.eq.ranullableDERdeg[-72.73/43.16]? Declination (J2000) estimated via image reconstructiondegpos.eq.decnullableRACdeg[137.99/325.12]? Right Ascension (J2000) via correlating image and PSFdegpos.eq.ranullableDECdeg[-72.73/43.16]? Declination (J2000) via correlating image and PSFdegpos.eq.decnullableNtot[1/18] Total number of source observationsmeta.numberintNmrg[1/18] Number of merged observation to enhance validitymeta.numberintExp[8410.2/745615] Total source exposure time in merged observationsstime.duration;obsdoubleCCD[0/7] Chandra/ACIS CCD containing most/all observationsmeta.id;instrinttheta[0.01/6.6] Average off-axis anglearcmininstr.offset;stat.meanfloatb_theta[0.01/6.4] Minimum of-axis anglearcminpos.posAng;stat.minfloatB_theta[0.01/6.7] Maximum of-axis anglearcminpos.posAng;stat.maxfloatPSF[0.38/0.96] Average PSF fractioninstr.det.psf;arith.ratio;stat.meanfloatTCt0.5-8[1/15409] Total source counts in 0.5-8keV bandctphot.count;em.X-rayintTCt0.5-2[0/12140] Total source counts in 0.5-2keV bandctphot.count;em.X-rayintTCt2-8[0/6873] Total source counts in 2-8keV bandctphot.count;em.X-rayintTCt0.5-10[1/15454] Total source counts in 0.5-10keV bandctphot.count;em.X-rayintTCt1-10[0/12786] Total source counts in 1-10keV bandctphot.count;em.X-rayintBkg0.5-2[3/1159] Total background counts in 0.5-2keV bandctinstr.background;em.X-ray.softintBkg2-8[1/1145] Total background counts in 2-8keV bandctinstr.background;em.X-ray.mediumintBkg0.5-10[8/3569] Total background counts in 0.5-10keV bandctinstr.background;em.X-ray.mediumintBkg1-10[8/3004] Total background counts in 1-10keV bandctinstr.background;em.X-ray.mediumintBScl0.5-8[1.29/1644] Background scaling factor in 0.5-8keV bandinstr.backgrounddoubleBScl0.5-2[1.27/1644] Background scaling factor in 0.5-2keV bandinstr.backgrounddoubleBScl2-8[1.29/1644] Background scaling factor in 2-8keV bandinstr.backgrounddoubleBScl0.5-10[1.29/1644] Background scaling factor in 0.5-10keV bandinstr.backgrounddoubleBScl1-10[1.29/1644] Background scaling factor in 1-10keV bandinstr.backgrounddoubleNCt0.5-8[-8.8/15376] Net source counts in 0.5-8keV bandctphot.count;em.X-raydoublee_NCt0.5-8[0.8/125] The 1{sigma} lower-limit on NCt0.5-8ctstat.errorfloatNCt0.5-2[-4.6/12104] Net source counts in 0.5-2keV bandctphot.count;em.X-raydoublee_NCt0.5-2[0.8/111]? The 1{sigma} lower-limit on NCt0.5-2ctstat.errorfloatnullableNCt2-8[-5.9/6855] Net source counts in 2-8keV bandctphot.count;em.X-raydoublee_NCt2-8[0.8/83]? The 1{sigma} lower-limit on NCt2-8ctstat.errorfloatnullableNCt0.5-10[-10/15420] Net source counts in 0.5-10keV bandctphot.count;em.X-raydoublee_NCt0.5-10[0.8/125] The 1{sigma} lower-limit on NCt0.5-10ctstat.errorfloatNCt1-10[-9.2/12759] Net source counts in 1-10keV bandctphot.count;em.X-raydoublee_NCt1-10[0.8/114]? The 1{sigma} lower-limit on NCt1-10ctstat.errorfloatnullableE_NCt0.5-8[2.3/126] The 1{sigma} upper-limit on NCt0.5-8ctstat.error;stat.maxfloatE_NCt0.5-2[1.8/112]? The 1{sigma} upper-limit on NCt0.5-2ctstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullableE_NCt2-8[1.8/84]? The 1{sigma} upper-limit on NCt2-8ctstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullableE_NCt0.5-10[2.3/126] The 1{sigma} upper-limit on NCt0.5-10ctstat.error;stat.maxfloatE_NCt1-10[1.8/115] The 1{sigma} upper-limit on NCt1-10ctstat.error;stat.maxfloatSig0.5-8[-2.2/123] Photometric SNR in 0.5-8keV bandstat.snrfloatSig0.5-2[-1.7/109] Photometric SNR in 0.5-2keV bandstat.snrfloatSig2-8[-1.7/82] Photometric SNR in 2-8keV bandstat.snrfloatSig0.5-10[-1.6/123] Photometric SNR in 0.5-10keV bandstat.snrfloatSig1-10[-1.5/112] Photometric SNR in 1-10keV bandstat.snrfloatNoSrc0.5-8[0/1] P-value for no-source hypothesis in 0.5-8keV bandstat.fit.goodnessfloatNoSrc0.5-2[0/1] P-value for no-source hypothesis in 0.5-2keV bandstat.fit.goodnessfloatNoSrc2-8[0/1] P-value for no-source hypothesis in 2-8keV bandstat.fit.goodnessfloatNoSrc0.5-10[0/0.96] P-value for no-source hypothesis in 0.5-10keV bandstat.fit.goodnessfloatNoSrc1-10[0/1] P-value for no-source hypothesis in 1-10keV bandstat.fit.goodnessfloatMinKS[0/1]? Minimum p-value for KS variability test (8)stat.fit.goodnessfloatnullableAllKS[0/1]? P-value for KS variability test for all observations (9)stat.fit.goodnessfloatnullableAEaFl0.5-2[1.5e-27/1.6e-13]? Power-law fit in AE 0.5-2keV absorbed flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublenullableAEaFl2-8[6.3e-23/5.7e-13]? Power-law fit in AE 2-8keV absorbed flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublenullableAEaFl0.5-8[6.3e-23/5.8e-13]? Power-law fit in AE 0.5-8keV absorbed flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublenullableAEaFl0.5-10[7.6e-23/9e-13]? Power-law fit in AE 0.5-10keV absorbed flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublenullableAEaFl1-10[7.6e-23/9e-13]? Power-law fit in AE 1-10keV absorbed flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublenullableAEuFl0.5-2[2e-21/4.4e-13]? Power-law fit in AE 0.5-2keV unabsorbed flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublenullableAEuFl2-8[3.7e-22/6.1e-13]? Power-law fit in AE 2-8keV unabsorbed flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublenullableAEuFl0.5-8[2.6e-21/6.5e-13]? Power-law fit in AE 0.5-8keV unabsorbed flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublenullableAEuFl0.5-10[2.6e-21/9.8e-13]? Power-law fit in AE 0.5-10keV unabsorbed flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublenullableAEuFl1-10[1e-21/9.7e-13]? Power-law fit in AE 1-10keV unabsorbed flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublenullableplNH[5e+19/3.7e+23] BXA power-law fit N_H_cm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublee_plNH[3.6e+19/3.7e+23] Lower uncertainty in plNHcm**-2stat.errordoubleE_plNH[6.2e+19/7.7e+23] Upper uncertainty in plNHcm**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoubleplGamma[-0.98/4] BXA power-law fit photon indexspect.indexfloate_plGamma[0.01/2.8] Lower uncertainty in plGammastat.errorfloatE_plGamma[0/2.9] Upper uncertainty in plGammastat.error;stat.maxfloatplFlux[3.6e-17/1.5e-12] BXA power-law fit unabsorbed 0.5-10keV flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublee_plFlux[2.3e-17/9.7e-14] Lower uncertainty in plFluxmW.m**-2stat.errordoubleE_plFlux[1e-16/3.6e-13] Upper uncertainty in plFluxmW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoubleplLum[2.3e+28/1.7e+34] BXA power-law fit 0.5-10keV luminosity; erg/s1e-07Wphys.luminosity;em.X-raydoublee_plLum[1.5e+28/1.5e+33] Lower uncertainty in plLum1e-07Wstat.errordoubleE_plLum[6.6e+28/2.3e+33] Upper uncertainty in plLum1e-07Wstat.error;stat.maxdoubleplProb[-52/0] BXA power-law fit log goodness probability (10)stat.fit.goodness;stat.probabilitydoubleapecNH[1.2e+19/4.5e+23] BXA APEC fit N_H_cm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublee_apecNH[2.2e+18/4.2e+23] Lower uncertainty in apecNHcm**-2stat.errordoubleE_apecNH[6e+18/7.7e+23] Upper uncertainty in apecNHcm**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoubleapeckT[0.05/29.6] BXA APEC temperaturekeVphys.temperaturefloate_apeckT[0.007/10.3] Lower uncertainty in apeckTkeVstat.errorfloatE_apeckT[0.008/19] Upper uncertainty in apeckTkeVstat.error;stat.maxfloatapecFlux[5.5e-17/1.1e-11] BXA APEC fit unabsorbed 0.5-10keV flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublee_apecFlux[3.7e-17/1.1e-11] Lower uncertainty in apecFluxmW.m**-2stat.errordoubleE_apecFlux[1.8e-16/3e-9] Upper uncertainty in apecFluxmW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoubleapecLum[3.4e+28/2e+34] BXA APEC fit 0.5-10keV luminosity; erg/s1e-07Wphys.luminosity;em.X-raydoublee_apecLum[2.3e+28/2e+34] Lower uncertainty in apecLum1e-07Wstat.errordoubleE_apecLum[1.3e+29/1.7e+37] Upper uncertainty in apecLum1e-07Wstat.error;stat.maxdoubleapecProb[-561/0] BXA APEC fit log goodness probability (10)stat.fit.goodness;stat.probabilitydoublebbNH[1.1e+19/2.8e+23] BXA blackbody fit N_H_cm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublee_bbNH[1.5e+18/2.8e+23] Lower uncertainty in bbNHcm**-2stat.errordoubleE_bbNH[3.9e+18/7.2e+23] Upper uncertainty in bbNHcm**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoublebbkT[0.04/9.7] BXA blackbody fit temperaturekeVphys.temperaturefloate_bbkT[0.003/4.5] Lower uncertainty in bbkTkeVstat.errorfloatE_bbkT[0.003/6.8] Upper uncertainty in bbkTkeVstat.error;stat.maxfloatbbFlux[5.9e-17/1.9e-11] BXA blackbody fit unabsorbed 0.5-10keV flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublee_bbFlux[4.4e-17/1.9e-11] Lower uncertainty in bbFluxmW.m**-2stat.errordoubleE_bbFlux[1e-16/3e-9] Upper uncertainty in bbFluxmW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoublebbLum[3.7e+28/6.6e+34] BXA blackbody fit 0.5-10keV luminosity; erg/s1e-07Wphys.luminosity;em.X-raydoublee_bbLum[2.8e+28/6.6e+34] Lower uncertainty in bbLum1e-07Wstat.errordoubleE_bbLum[7e+28/1.1e+37] Upper uncertainty in bbLum1e-07Wstat.error;stat.maxdoublebbProb[-323.4/0] BXA blackbody fit log goodness probability (10)stat.fit.goodness;stat.probabilitydoubleBestModel with highest probabilitymeta.id;stat.fitcharbgAGNSoft[0/35799.1]? Number of expect background AGN with 0.5-2keV flux > source (11)meta.numberfloatnullablebgAGNHard[0/269.5]? Number of expect background AGN with 2-10keV flux > source (11)meta.numberfloatnullableDist[0.01/5.2] Source distance from cluster centerarcminpos.angDistancefloatGCDist[2.2/26.5] GC distancekpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatGCNH[1.7e+20/2.1e+22] Host cluster N_H_ (12)cm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublee_GCNH[8.7e+19/2.4e+21] Uncertainty in GCNH (13)cm**-2stat.errordoubleGCRad[0.03/1.8] Host cluster core radiusarcminphys.angSizefloatGCHL[0.5/4.33] Host cluster half-light radiusarcminphys.angSizefloatPilePile up flag (if TRUE=photometry and spectroscopy are likely inaccurate) (3)meta.codecharFrgdForeground flag (4)meta.codecharAstromAbsolute astrometry flag (6)meta.codechar