J/ApJ/898/24ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/898/24doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18980024CDSRen YiJiang B.-W.2024-10-04T20:11:25Z2021-12-07T15:04:11ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsupergiant-starsstellar-massesstellar-radiieffective-temperaturephotometryvisible-astronomyThe mechanisms and characteristics of the irregular variations of red supergiants (RSGs) are studied based on the RSG samples in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), and M31. With the time-series data from the All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae and Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory survey, we use the continuous time autoregressive moving average model to estimate the variability features of the light curves and their power spectral density (PSD). The characteristic evolution timescale and amplitude of granulations are further derived from fitting the posterior PSD with the COR function, which is a Harvey-like granulation model. The consistency of theoretical predictions and results is checked to verify the correctness of the assumption that granulations on RSGs contribute to irregular variation. The relations between granulation and stellar parameters are obtained and compared with the results of red giant branch (RGB) stars and Betelgeuse. It is found that the relations are in agreement with predictions from basic physical process of granulation and fall close to the extrapolated relations of RGB stars. The granulations in most of the RSGs evolve at a timescale of several days to a year with a characteristic amplitude of 10-1000mmag. The results imply that the irregular variations of RSGs can be attributed to the evolution of granulations. When comparing the results from the SMC, LMC, and M31, the timescale and amplitude of granulation seem to increase with metallicity. The analytical relations of the granulation parameters with stellar parameters are derived for the RSG sample of each galaxy.2020ApJ...898...24Rhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/898/24CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/236 : UBVR CCD survey of the Magellanic clouds (Massey+, 2002)II/366 : ASAS-SN catalog of variable stars (Jayasinghe+, 2018-2020)J/AJ/123/855 : Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey: SMC (Zaritsky+, 2002)J/AJ/126/2867 : Red supergiants in Magellanic Clouds (Massey+, 2003)J/AJ/128/1606 : Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey: LMC (Zaritsky+, 2004)J/ApJ/652/1133 : BVI photometry of NGC 4258 Cepheids (Macri+, 2006)J/AJ/133/2393 : UBVRI phot. in 7 Local Group dwarfs galaxies (Massey+, 2007)J/AJ/136/1221 : Most luminous LMC sources at 8{mu}m (Kastner+, 2008)J/ApJ/698/895 : Variations in QSOs optical flux (Kelly+, 2009)J/ApJ/703/420 : Red supergiants in M31 (Massey+, 2009)J/A+A/507/1375 : HST/ACS VI data of M31 globular clusters (Perina+, 2009)J/ApJ/719/1784 : Yellow supergiants in the SMC (Neugent+, 2010)J/ApJ/727/53 : Red supergiant stars in the LMC. I. (Yang+, 2011)J/ApJ/754/35 : Red supergiant stars in the SMC. II. (Yang+, 2012)J/ApJ/788/48 : X-ray through NIR photometry of NGC 2617 (Shappee+, 2014)J/ApJ/826/224 : RSG and foreground candidates in M31 (Massey+, 2016)J/ApJ/859/73 : Variability of RSGs in M31 from iPTF (Soraisam+, 2018)J/A+A/616/A175 : Red supergiant stars in the LMC. II. (Yang+, 2018)J/ApJS/236/42 : Asteroseismology of ~16000 Kepler red giants (Yu+, 2018)J/ApJS/241/35 : Period-luminosity relations of RSGs in M33 & M31 (Ren+, 2019)J/ApJ/889/44 : UKIRT obs. of red supergiants in M31 (Neugent+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/898/24https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/898/24http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/898/24https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/898/24https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/898/24http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/898/24GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/898/24/table1 (Granulation and stellar parameters of RSGs in SMC)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/898/24/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/898/24/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/898/24/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true6.01198194-73.803620.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/898/24/table2 (Granulation and stellar parameters of RSGs in LMC)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/898/24/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/898/24/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/898/24/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true71.6685-67.186056110.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/898/24/table3 (Granulation and stellar parameters of RSGs in M31)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/898/24/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/898/24/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/898/24/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true9.604333340.67091670.0055555555555555564/2068 5/8263 8268-8269 8278 8280 8323 8326 8329 6/2622-2623 2666 2708-2709 2752 33047 33050-33051 33106-33107 33124-33126 33128 33136 33287 33291 33297-33299 33308 33313 33328 33330https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/898/24?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/898/24/table1Granulation and stellar parameters of RSGs in SMCRad[56/13127]? Stellar radiussolRadphys.size.radiusintnullablelogg[-2.4/1.8]? log of surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatnullabletau[0.1/285]? Granulation timescale estimated, CARMA (3,0) (2)dtime.scalefloatnullablee_tau[0/423]? Lower uncertainty in taudstat.errorfloatnullableE_tau[0/25]? Upper uncertainty in taudstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablealpha[1.4/8]? Exponent in Equation 3 (3)stat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_alpha[0/0.3]? Lower uncertainty in alphastat.error;pos.eq.rafloatnullableE_alpha[0/0.3]? Upper uncertainty in alphastat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablesigma[5.5/768.1]? Characteristic amplitude of granulation, CARMA (3,0) (2)mmagstat.stdev;src.var.amplitudefloatnullablee_sigma[0.03/53]? Lower uncertainty in sigmammagstat.errorfloatnullableE_sigma[0.06/21]? Upper uncertainty in sigmammagstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullableIDGalaxy ID (1)meta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintLbol[1884/1166440]? Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityintnullableMass[6/33]? MasssolMassphys.massfloatnullableTeff[1248/6764]? Surface effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullabletaueff[0.17/328]? Granulation effective timescale, CARMA (3,0) (2)dtime.scalefloatnullablee_taueff[0/481]? Lower uncertainty in tau-effdstat.errorfloatnullableE_taueff[0/24]? Upper uncertainty in tau-effdstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullabletaucel[0/100.5]? Granulation timescale, celeritedtime.scalefloatnullablesigcel[0.05/1036]? Characteristic amplitude of granulation, celeritemmagsrc.var.amplitudefloatnullabletaueffcel[0.06/177]? Granulation effective timescale, celeritedtime.scalefloatnullableOutlier1Outlier, tau-effmeta.codecharOutlier2Outlier, sigmameta.codechar_DEPositions from Yang+ 2019, J/A+A/629/A91 (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullable_RAPositions from Yang+ 2019, J/A+A/629/A91 (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainJ/ApJ/898/24/table2Granulation and stellar parameters of RSGs in LMCSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchare_tau[0/423]? Lower uncertainty in taudstat.errorfloatnullableE_tau[0/25]? Upper uncertainty in taudstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintLbol[1884/1166440]? Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityintnullableMass[6/33]? MasssolMassphys.massfloatnullableTeff[1248/6764]? Surface effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullableRad[56/13127]? Stellar radiussolRadphys.size.radiusintnullablelogg[-2.4/1.8]? log of surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatnullabletau[0.1/285]? Granulation timescale estimated, CARMA (3,0) (2)dtime.scalefloatnullablealpha[1.4/8]? Exponent in Equation 3 (3)stat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_alpha[0/0.3]? Lower uncertainty in alphastat.error;pos.eq.rafloatnullableE_alpha[0/0.3]? Upper uncertainty in alphastat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablesigma[5.5/768.1]? Characteristic amplitude of granulation, CARMA (3,0) (2)mmagstat.stdev;src.var.amplitudefloatnullablee_sigma[0.03/53]? Lower uncertainty in sigmammagstat.errorfloatnullableE_sigma[0.06/21]? Upper uncertainty in sigmammagstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullabletaueff[0.17/328]? Granulation effective timescale, CARMA (3,0) (2)dtime.scalefloatnullablee_taueff[0/481]? Lower uncertainty in tau-effdstat.errorfloatnullableE_taueff[0/24]? Upper uncertainty in tau-effdstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullabletaucel[0/100.5]? Granulation timescale, celeritedtime.scalefloatnullablesigcel[0.05/1036]? Characteristic amplitude of granulation, celeritemmagsrc.var.amplitudefloatnullabletaueffcel[0.06/177]? Granulation effective timescale, celeritedtime.scalefloatnullableOutlier1Outlier, tau-effmeta.codecharOutlier2Outlier, sigmameta.codechar_RAPositions from Yang+ 2018, J/A+A/616/A175 (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from Yang+ 2018, J/A+A/616/A175 (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainIDGalaxy ID (1)meta.id;meta.maincharJ/ApJ/898/24/table3Granulation and stellar parameters of RSGs in M31Outlier2Outlier, sigmameta.codechar_RAPositions from Ren+ 2019, J/ApJS/241/35 (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from Ren+ 2019, J/ApJS/241/35 (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDGalaxy ID (1)meta.id;meta.maincharLbol[1884/1166440]? Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityintnullableMass[6/33]? MasssolMassphys.massfloatnullableTeff[1248/6764]? Surface effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullableRad[56/13127]? Stellar radiussolRadphys.size.radiusintnullablealpha[1.4/8]? Exponent in Equation 3 (3)stat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_alpha[0/0.3]? Lower uncertainty in alphastat.error;pos.eq.rafloatnullableE_alpha[0/0.3]? Upper uncertainty in alphastat.error;stat.maxfloatnullableSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableOutlier1Outlier, tau-effmeta.codecharlogg[-2.4/1.8]? log of surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatnullabletau[0.1/285]? Granulation timescale estimated, CARMA (3,0) (2)dtime.scalefloatnullablee_tau[0/423]? Lower uncertainty in taudstat.errorfloatnullableE_tau[0/25]? Upper uncertainty in taudstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablesigma[5.5/768.1]? Characteristic amplitude of granulation, CARMA (3,0) (2)mmagstat.stdev;src.var.amplitudefloatnullablee_sigma[0.03/53]? Lower uncertainty in sigmammagstat.errorfloatnullableE_sigma[0.06/21]? Upper uncertainty in sigmammagstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullabletaueff[0.17/328]? Granulation effective timescale, CARMA (3,0) (2)dtime.scalefloatnullablee_taueff[0/481]? Lower uncertainty in tau-effdstat.errorfloatnullableE_taueff[0/24]? Upper uncertainty in tau-effdstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullabletaucel[0/100.5]? Granulation timescale, celeritedtime.scalefloatnullablesigcel[0.05/1036]? Characteristic amplitude of granulation, celeritemmagsrc.var.amplitudefloatnullabletaueffcel[0.06/177]? Granulation effective timescale, celeritedtime.scalefloatnullable