J/ApJ/897/176ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/897/176doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18970176CDSKrieger N.Bolatto A.D.Leroy A.K.Levy R.C.Mills E.A.C.Meier D.S.,Ott J.Veilleux S.Walter F.Weiss A.2022-03-14T07:03:40Z2021-10-26T07:06:03ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fropen-star-clustersradio-spectroscopyinterstellar-mediummolecular-physicsWe present submillimeter spectra of the (proto-)super star cluster (SSC) candidates in the starbursting center of the nearby galaxy NGC 253 identified by Leroy et al. The 2.5pc resolution of our Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array cycle 3 observations approaches the size of the SSCs and allows for the study of physical and chemical properties of the molecular gas in these sources. In the 14 SSC sources and in the frequency ranges 342.0-345.8GHz and 353.9-357.7GHz, we detect 55 lines belonging to 19 different chemical species. The SSCs differ significantly in chemical complexity, with the richest clusters showing 19 species and the least complex showing four species. We detect HCN isotopologues and isomers (H13CN, HC15N, H15NC), abundant HC3N, SO and S18O, SO2, and H2CS. The gas ratios CO/HCN, CO/HCO+ are low, ~1-10, implying high dense gas fractions in the SSCs. Line ratio analyses suggests chemistry consistent with photon-dominated regions and mechanical heating. None of the SSCs near the galaxy center show line ratios that imply an X-ray-dominated region, suggesting that heating by any (still unknown) active galactic nucleus does not play a major role. The gas temperatures are high in most sources, with an average rotational temperature of ~130K in SO2. The widespread existence of vibrationally excited HCN and HC3N transitions implies strong infrared radiation fields, potentially trapped by a greenhouse effect due to high continuum opacities.2020ApJ...897..176Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/897/176CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/579/A101 : 3mm molecular line survey of 8 AGN (Aladro+, 2015)J/ApJ/858/90 : Radial profiles of 5 nearby galaxies (Gallagher+, 2018)J/A+A/629/A6 : 3 starburst galaxies 12C/13C ALMA datacubes (Tang+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/897/176https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/897/176http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/897/176https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/897/176https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/897/176http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/897/176GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/897/176/table3 (Dense gas fractions)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/897/176/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/897/176/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/897/176/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true11.8866689-25.28923190.0055555555555555566/16655https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/897/176?format=asciiMillimeterdefaultJ/ApJ/897/176/table3Dense gas fractionsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSSC[1/14] SSC identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintprimaryRi-CO/HCN[0.9/12.7] Line intensity ratio CO/HCNspect.line.intensity;arith.ratiofloate_Ri-CO/HCN[0/5.1] Negative error on Ri-CO/HCNstat.errorfloatE_Ri-CO/HCN[0/7.6] Positive error on Ri-CO/HCNstat.error;stat.maxfloatRi-CO/CS[1.4/29.1] Line intensity ratio CO/CSspect.line.intensity;arith.ratiofloate_Ri-CO/CS[0/5.4] Negative error on Ri-CO/CSstat.errorfloatE_Ri-CO/CS[0/9.3] Positive error on Ri-CO/CSstat.error;stat.maxfloatRi-HCN/HCO[0.5/1.6] Line intensity ratio HCN/HCO+spect.line.intensity;arith.ratiofloate_Ri-HCN/HCO[0/0.5] Negative error on Ri-HCN/HCOstat.errorfloatE_Ri-HCN/HCO[0/0.6] Positive error on Ri-HCN/HCOstat.error;stat.maxfloatRi-CS/HCN[0.1/0.9] Line intensity ratio CS/HCNspect.line.intensity;arith.ratiofloate_Ri-CS/HCN[0/0.3] Negative error on Ri-CS/HCNstat.errorfloatE_Ri-CS/HCN[0/1.4] Positive error on Ri-CS/HCNstat.error;stat.maxfloatRn-CO/HCN[760/11000] Column density ratio CO/HCNphys.density;arith.ratiointe_Rn-CO/HCN[17/3100] Negative error on Rn-CO/HCNstat.errorintE_Rn-CO/HCN[9/7500] Positive error on Rn-CO/HCNstat.error;stat.maxintRn-CO/CS[400/8700] Column density ratio CO/HCNphys.density;arith.ratiointe_Rn-CO/CS[7/1800] Negative error on Rn-CO/CSstat.errorintE_Rn-CO/CS[4/2700] Positive error on Rn-CO/CSstat.error;stat.maxintRn-HCN/HCO[0.8/2.8] Column density ratio HCN/HCO+phys.density;arith.ratiofloate_Rn-HCN/HCO[0/0.8] Negative error on Rn-HCN/HCOstat.errorfloatE_Rn-HCN/HCO[0/1.1] Positive error on Rn-HCN/HCOstat.error;stat.maxfloatRn-CS/HCN[0.3/2.5] Column density ratio CS/HCNphys.density;arith.ratiofloate_Rn-CS/HCN[0/0.9] Negative error on Rn-CS/HCNstat.errorfloatE_Rn-CS/HCN[0/3.7] Positive error on Rn-CS/HCNstat.error;stat.maxfloatXCLASSNumber of observation for parameters with XCLASS (table2)meta.numberintnullableTbNumber of observation for brightness temperature (fig1)meta.numberintnullableTbspectInteractive Plotmeta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPosition from SIMBAD (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition from SIMBAD (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/897/176/table2The parameters fitted with XCLASSSpeciesMoleculemeta.notecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSSC[1/14] SSC identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintVibVibrational statephys.mol.vibrationcharComp[0/5] spectral componentmeta.id.partlonglogN-16th[10/19] log10 column density 16th percentile lower bound; lower 1sigma errorlog(cm**-2)phys.columnDensity;stat.minfloatlogN-50th[10.1/19] log10 column density 50th percentile medianlog(cm**-2)phys.columnDensity;stat.medianfloatlogN-84th[10.6/19] log10 column density 84th percentile upper bound; upper 1sigma errorlog(cm**-2)phys.columnDensity;stat.maxfloatlw-16th[7.3/88.4] Linewidth 16th percentile lower bound; lower 1sigma errorkm/sspect.line.widthfloatlw-50th[9.4/96] Linewidth 50th percentile mediankm/sspect.line.widthfloatlw-84th[10.3/99.6] Linewidth 84th percentile upper bound; upper 1sigma errorkm/sspect.line.widthfloatv-16th[-142.2/153.3] Velocity 16th percentile lower bound; lower 1sigma errorkm/sphys.velocfloatv-50th[-131.7/155] Velocity 50th percentile mediankm/sphys.velocfloatv-84th[-120/162.8] Velocity 84th percentile upper bound; upper 1sigma errorkm/sphys.velocfloatT-16th[36/481] Kinetic temperature 16th percentile lower bound; lower 1sigma errorKphys.temperature;stat.minintT-50th[47/500] Kinetic temperature 50th percentile medianKphys.temperature;stat.medianintT-84th[104/807] Kinetic temperature 84th percentile upper bound; upper 1sigma errorKphys.temperature;stat.maxinttau-16th[0/38.67] Integrated opacity 16th percentile lower bound; lower 1sigma errorphys.absorption.coefffloattau-50th[0/38.85] Integrated opacity 50th percentile medianphys.absorption.coefffloattau-84th[0/39.02] Integrated opacity 84th percentile upper bound; upper 1sigma errorphys.absorption.coefffloatJ/ApJ/897/176/fig1Overview and relative comparison of the spectra and xclass fits of the 14 SSCsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSSC[1/14] SSC identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintFreq[342/359] Rest frequencyGHzem.freqdoubleTb[-4.29/113] Brightness temperatureKphys.temperaturefloatJ/ApJ/897/176/table1The fitted integrated intensitiesSpeciesMolecule identifiermeta.id;phys.atmol.elementcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRotmin[3/47] Rotational state, minimumphys.mol.rotationinte_Rotmin[0.2/9]? Error on Rotminstat.errorfloatnullableRotmax[2/46] Rotationale state, maximumphys.mol.rotationinte_Rotmax[0/8]? Error on Rotmaxstat.errorfloatnullableVibVibrational statephys.mol.vibrationcharComp[0/5] Spectral componentmeta.id.partint16th(SSC1)[4/1585]? SSC1 16th percentile lower bound, lower 1sigma error, on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable50th(SSC1)[6/1741]? SSC1 50th percentile median of integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable84th(SSC1)[8/2199]? SSC1 84th percentile upper bound, upper 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable16th(SSC2)[1/1677]? SSC2 16th percentile lower bound, lower 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable50th(SSC2)[1/2328]? SSC2 50th percentile median of integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable84th(SSC2)[1/2841]? SSC2 84th percentile upper bound, upper 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable16th(SSC3)[2/2131]? SSC3 16th percentile lower bound, lower 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable50th(SSC3)[1/2187]? SSC3 50th percentile median of integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable84th(SSC3)[2/2241]? SSC3 84th percentile upper bound, upper 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable16th(SSC4)[3/2138]? SSC4 16th percentile lower bound, lower 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable50th(SSC4)[1/2654]? SSC4 50th percentile median of integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable84th(SSC4)[1/2727]? SSC4 84th percentile upper bound, upper 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable16th(SSC5)[2/2447]? SSC5 16th percentile lower bound, lower 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable50th(SSC5)[2/2460]? SSC5 50th percentile median of integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable84th(SSC5)[1/2474]? SSC5 84th percentile upper bound, upper 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable16th(SSC6)[28/3233]? SSC6 16th percentile lower bound, lower 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable50th(SSC6)[34/3509]? SSC6 50th percentile median of integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable84th(SSC6)[39/3620]? SSC6 84th percentile upper bound, upper 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable16th(SSC7)[33/3157]? SSC7 16th percentile lower bound, lower 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable50th(SSC7)[40/3327]? SSC7 50th percentile median of integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable84th(SSC7)[45/3380]? SSC7 84th percentile upper bound, upper 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable16th(SSC8)[1/3567]? SSC8 16th percentile lower bound, lower 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable50th(SSC8)[1/3578]? SSC8 50th percentile median of integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable84th(SSC8)[1/3588]? SSC8 84th percentile upper bound, upper 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable16th(SSC9)[46/2795]? SSC9 16th percentile lower bound, lower 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable50th(SSC9)[51/2919]? SSC9 50th percentile median of integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable84th(SSC9)[60/3090]? SSC9 84th percentile upper bound, upper 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable16th(SSC10)[9/1495]? SSC10 16th percentile lower bound, lower 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable50th(SSC10)[11/3004]? SSC10 50th percentile median of integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable84th(SSC10)[13/3362]? SSC10 84th percentile upper bound upper 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable16th(SSC11)[1/2419]? SSC11 16th percentile lower bound, lower 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable50th(SSC11)[2/2978]? SSC11 50th percentile median of integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable84th(SSC11)[2/3889]? SSC11 84th percentile upper bound, upper 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable16th(SSC12)[9/2573]? SSC12 16th percentile lower bound, lower 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable50th(SSC12)[26/4132]? SSC12 50th percentile median of integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable84th(SSC12)[29/4901]? SSC12 84th percentile upper bound upper 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable16th(SSC13)[2/807]? SSC13 16th percentile lower bound, lower 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable50th(SSC13)[2/3552]? SSC13 50th percentile median of integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable84th(SSC13)[2/4182]? SSC13 84th percentile upper bound, upper 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable16th(SSC14)[4/5447]? SSC14 16th percentile lower bound, lower 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable50th(SSC14)[5/5486]? SSC14 50th percentile median of integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable84th(SSC14)[5/5504]? SSC14 84th percentile upper bound, upper 1sigma error on integrated intensityK.km/sspect.line.intensityintnullable