J/ApJ/896/122ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/896/122doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18960122CDSLiu T.Koss M.Blecha L.Ricci C.Trakhtenbrot B.Mushotzky R.,Harrison F.Ichikawa K.Kakkad D.Oh K.Powell M.Privon G.C.,Schawinski K.Shimizu T.T.Smith K.L.Stern D.Treister E.Urry C.M.2021-12-03T13:15:09Z2021-11-30T07:23:59ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fractive-galactic-nucleix-ray-sourcessurveysTheory predicts that a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) could be observed as a luminous active galactic nucleus (AGN) that periodically varies on the order of its orbital timescale. In X-rays, periodic variations could be caused by mechanisms including relativistic Doppler boosting and shocks. Here we present the first systematic search for periodic AGNs using 941 hard X-ray light curves (14-195keV) from the first 105 months of the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) survey (2004-2013). We do not find evidence for periodic AGNs in Swift-BAT, including the previously reported SMBHB candidate MCG+11-11-032. We find that the null detection is consistent with the combination of the upper-limit binary population in AGNs in our adopted model, their expected periodic variability amplitudes, and the BAT survey characteristics. We have also investigated the detectability of SMBHBs against normal AGN X-ray variability in the context of the extended ROentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array (eROSITA) survey. Under our assumptions of a binary population and the periodic signals they produce, which have long periods of hundreds of days, up to 13% true periodic binaries can be robustly distinguished from normal variable AGNs with the ideal uniform sampling. However, we demonstrate that realistic eROSITA sampling is likely to be insensitive to long-period binaries because longer observing gaps reduce their detectability. In contrast, large observing gaps do not diminish the prospect of detecting binaries of short, few-day periods, as 19% can be successfully recovered, the vast majority of which can be identified by the first half of the survey.2020ApJ...896..122Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/896/122CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/633/L77 : SWIFT/BAT detections of AGN (Markwardt+, 2005)J/ApJ/681/113 : Swift BAT survey of AGNs (Tueller+, 2008)J/ApJS/186/1 : 4th IBIS/ISGRI soft gamma-ray survey catalog (Bird+, 2010)J/A+A/523/A61 : INTEGRAL all-sky survey of X-ray sources (Krivonos+, 2010)J/ApJS/186/378 : Hard X-ray survey from Swift-BAT 2004-2006 (Tueller+, 2010)J/ApJ/746/L22 : Dual AGNs in the nearby Universe (Koss+, 2012)J/ApJS/207/19 : Hard X-ray survey from Swift-BAT 6yrs (Baumgartner+, 2013)J/A+A/563/A57 : Long-term variability of AGN at hard X-rays (Soldi+, 2014)J/MNRAS/453/1562 : CRTS close supermassive black hole binaries (Graham+, 2015)J/ApJ/813/82 : z<0.06 broad-line AGN emission-line measures (Reines+, 2015)J/ApJ/815/L13 : Compton-thick AGNs from 70-month Swift/BAT (Ricci+, 2015)J/ApJ/850/74 : Swift/BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey. I. (Koss+, 2017)J/ApJS/233/17 : Swift/BAT AGN spectroscopic survey. V. X-ray (Ricci+, 2017)J/ApJS/235/4 : 105-month Swift-BAT all-sky hard X-ray survey (Oh+, 2018)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/896/122https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/896/122http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/896/122https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/896/122https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/896/122http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/896/122GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/896/122/table1 (Variability properties of the BAT AGN sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/896/122/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/896/122/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/896/122/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.228-7.1640.0055555555555555566/43 134 181 243 392 406 697 723 731 745 815 879 907 941 953 1008 1093 1120-1121 1125 1263 1320 1358 1405 1526 1566 1583 1638 1677 1835 1841 1919 2004 2094 2134 2153 2206 2216 2221 2251 2276 2390 2505 2512 2531 2549 2551-2552 2764 2846 3056 3075 3103 3105 3211 3219 3223 3309 3341 3429 3502 3698 3704 3762 3771 3843 3901 4029 4114 4155 4215 4231 4329 4367 4369 4439 4488 4535 4540 4558 4589 4669 4784 4834 4867 4908 4992 5018-5019 5091 5099 5149 5284 5395 5423 5463 5514 5576 5662 5762 5793 5964 5972 5975-5976 5989 5996 6014 6040 6097 6113 6212 6241 6270 6293 6376 6386 6458 6466 6502 6505 6534 6583 6628 6665 6752 6757 6916 6920 6923 6928 6977 7058 7061 7132 7157 7166 7177 7184 7216 7246 7277 7361 7386 7422 7424 7484 7502 7539 7552 7560 7571 7606 7630 7642 7647 7659-7660 7684 7713 7728 7741 7815 7842 7869 7921 7952 7959 8017 8029-8030 8071 8085 8116 8216 8260-8261 8299 8426 8484 8510 8626 8641 8658 8670 8724 8778 8812 8845 8855 8870 8921-8922 9005 9093 9099 9231 9262 9305 9375 9445 9468 9490 9495 9502 9506 9509 9513 9519 9665 9725 9894 9942 10118 10141 10228 10348 10454 10475 10538 10630 10662 10675 10707 10788 10847 10895 10912 10924-10925 10927 10977 10984 10991 10995 11006 11027 11071 11101-11102 11158 11160 11232 11388 11392 11408 11416 11490 11615 11637 11650 11657-11658 11668 11671 11683 11705 11712 11726 11816 11842 11886 11889 11898 12002 12025 12154 12162 12212 12251 12254 12399 12504 12547 12568 12640 12921 13021 13040 13079 13120 13179 13181 13186 13202 13224 13273 13342 13511 13543 13707 13713 13720 13832 13893 13906 14051 14205 14526 14534 14541 14653 14702 14744 14777 14810 14858 14933 14960 15015 15135 15331 15351 15433 15481 15658 15698 15808 15825 15876 15996 16042 16100 16105 16109 16184 16288 16301 16308 16333 16361 16645 16690 16816 16853 16889 17065 17075 17162 17350 17408 17446 17448 17455 17471 17525 17548 17627 17727 17749 17754 17795 17814 17846 17890 17964 17992 18083 18307 18365 18402 18415 18418-18419 18484 18507 18524 18544 18683 18693 18762 18769 18794 18838 18897 18900 18918 18923 18961 19070 19083 19204 19261 19283 19296 19318 19367 19376 19400 19433 19469 19499 19619 19738 19740 19746 19767 19797 19883 19932 19940 20000 20014 20079 20105 20171 20201 20263 20278 20309 20379 20422 20489 20556 20660 20676 20717 20750 20881 21016 21036 21088 21142 21186 21237 21245 21378 21450 21785 21824 21847 21887 21905 21953 21958 21967 21996 22261 22355 22365 22585 22626 22632 22637 22708 22890 22912 22975 23010 23081 23160 23167 23171 23224 23248 23278 23332 23353 23469 23476 23552 23622 24022 24084 24120 24123 24127 24170 24228 24288 24381 24699 24748 24831 24842 24848 24950 25035 25047 25054 25089-25090 25153 25182 25263 25267 25273 25403 25480 25553 25572 25580 25585 25610 25619 25676 25735 25742 25784 25790 25907 25965 26041 26071 26089 26103 26148 26300 26375 26393 26493 26509 26515 26547 26650 26679 26767 26860-26861 26874 26904 27052 27143 27259 27382 27477 27486 27501 27504 27670 27699 27721-27722 27734 27767 27795 27803-27804 27815 27914 27976 27978 28060 28075 28153 28259 28275 28278 28350 28352 28356 28471 28517-28518 28523 28535 28538 28544-28545 28595 28626 28639 28654 28719 28848 28911 29265 29346 29368 29409 29456 29466 29529 29558 29574 29774 29776 29795 29906 29925 30026 30103 30140 30269 30306 30952 31101 31118 31120 31158 31401 31422 31509 31534 31590 31670 31833 31940 31970 32028 32143 32279 32344 32370 32447 32456 32473 32606 32630 32658 32683 32931 32986 33022 33034 33038 33087 33121 33134 33239 33248 33251 33282 33312 33385 33394 33398 33507 33571 33650 33716 33795 33817 33924 33928 33930 33939 33953 33958 34034 34065 34070 34104 34125 34159 34190 34294 34318 34412 34414 34430 34458 34499 34531 34669 34726 34730 34768 34812 34881 34887 34907 34913 34983 35004 35049 35052 35060 35071 35085 35104 35106 35184 35246 35263 35284 35407 35447 35521 35608 35623 35638 35661 35702 35706 35714 35717 35741 35868 35875 35899 35934 36005 36015 36058 36062 36081 36158 36216 36229 36256 36263 36323 36382 36396 36552 36595 36618 36653 36669 36678 36716 36733 36765 36775 36786 36861 36890 36896 37054 37062 37068 37117 37287 37294 37303 37323 37385 37458 37650 37850 37913 38000 38084 38102 38113 38129 38205 38268 38314 38329 38479 38526 38549 38601 38653 38668 38696 38704 38744 38817 38829 38849 38868 38887 38944 38948 39001 39087 39097 39138 39149 39156 39158 39182 39295 39322 39349 39366 39487 39613 39717 39722 39778 39819 39889 39895 39909 39977 40013 40130 40221 40250 40258 40410 40500 40666 40818 40838 40880 41014 41087 41135-41136 41423 41435 41499 41586 41679 41736 41738 41798 41873 41876 41929 41982 42005 42012 42016 42027 42120 42179 42248 42294 42528 42669 42704 42743 42808 42852 43057 43064 43105 43233 43240 43291 43339 43359 43366 43412 43452 43471 43520 43546 43625 43634 43649 43667 43677 43695 43768 43806 43825 43860 43877 43983 44017 44448 44507 44517 44526 44551 44650 44660 44668 44698 44722 44785 44790 44892 44897 45075 45202 45220 45222 45258 45446 45490 45500 45693 45735 45738 45779 45883 45910 45977 45985 46005 46013 46101 46103 46124 46191 46281 46324 46399 46424 46533 46709 46755 46811 46831 46847 46865 46987 47027 47047 47064 47074 47120 47154 47162 47169 47222 47245 47249 47253 47259 47308 47597 47731 47977 48022 48293 48394 48491 48614 48712 48798 49001 49042 49048https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/896/122?format=asciiX-raydefaultJ/ApJ/896/122/table1Variability properties of the BAT AGN samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[1/1632] Swift-BAT 105-month catalog IDmeta.idintSWIFTBAT name of the source (JHHMM+DDMMA or JHHMM.m+DDMM)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000BAT right ascension of the source (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000BAT declination of the source (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSigxs2[0/414.51] Excess variance (1)stat.variancedoubleVar?Whether the source is classified as intrinsically variable ("Y"=220 occurrences)meta.code;src.varcharfvar[10/2007.6]? Fractional variability (2)%src.var.amplitudefloatnullableTypeWhether the intrinsic variability can be characterized by red noise or white noisemeta.code;src.varcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharNEDNED column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar