J/ApJ/895/140ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/895/140doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18950140CDSHoward W.S.Corbett H.Law N.M.Ratzloff J.K.Galliher N.Glazier A.,Fors O.del Ser D.Haislip J.2022-03-15T07:38:49Z2021-10-08T06:50:28ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frstellar-flaresstellar-massesstellar-radiistellar-spectral-typeseffective-temperaturevisible-astronomyWe measure rotation periods and sinusoidal amplitudes in Evryscope light curves for 122 two-minute K5-M4 TESS targets selected for strong flaring. The Evryscope array of telescopes has observed all bright nearby stars in the south, producing 2-minute cadence light curves since 2016. Long-term, high-cadence observations of rotating flare stars probe the complex relationship between stellar rotation, starspots, and superflares. We detect periods from 0.3487 to 104days and observe amplitudes from 0.008 to 0.216 g'mag. We find that the Evryscope amplitudes are larger than those in TESS with the effect correlated to stellar mass (p-value=0.01). We compute the Rossby number (Ro) and find that our sample selected for flaring has twice as many intermediate rotators (0.04<Ro<0.4) as fast (Ro<0.04) or slow (Ro>0.44) rotators; this may be astrophysical or a result of period detection sensitivity. We discover 30 fast, 59 intermediate, and 33 slow rotators. We measure a median starspot coverage of 13% of the stellar hemisphere and constrain the minimum magnetic field strength consistent with our flare energies and spot coverage to be 500G, with later-type stars exhibiting lower values than earlier-type stars. We observe a possible change in superflare rates at intermediate periods. However, we do not conclusively confirm the increased activity of intermediate rotators seen in previous studies. We split all rotators at Ro~0.2 into bins of PRot<10days and PRot>10 days to confirm that short-period rotators exhibit higher superflare rates, larger flare energies, and higher starspot coverage than do long-period rotators, at p-values of 3.2x10^-5^, 1.0x10^-5^, and 0.01, respectively.2020ApJ...895..140Hhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/895/140CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/gcvs : General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+, 2007-2017)I/337 : Gaia DR1 (Gaia Collaboration, 2016)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)IV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)V/128 : Chromospherically Active Binaries. Third version (Eker+, 2008)J/ApJ/457/L99 : 25yr CaII-HK observations of F-K nearby stars (Baliunas+,1996)J/AJ/134/2340 : Membership of Praesepe & Coma Berenices clusters (Kraus+,2007)J/AJ/141/166 : HATNet variability survey of K and M dwarfs (Hartman+, 2011)J/ApJ/743/48 : Stars with Prot and X-ray luminosities (Wright+, 2011)J/MNRAS/424/11 : Rotation of field stars from CoRoT data (Affer+, 2012)J/other/Nat/485.478 : Superflares on solar-type stars (Maehara+, 2012)J/ApJS/211/24 : Rotation periods of Kepler MS stars (McQuillan+, 2014)J/ApJ/804/64 : Empirical and model parameters of 183 M dwarfs (Mann+, 2015)J/ApJ/821/93 : Rotation & Galactic kinematics of mid M dwarfs (Newton+, 2016)J/A+A/600/A13 : HARPS M dwarf sample magnetic activity (Astudillo-Defru+,2017)J/MNRAS/472/1618 : Kepler study of starspot lifetimes (Giles+, 2017)J/ApJ/834/85 : H{alpha} emission in nearby M dwarfs (Newton+, 2017)J/ApJ/849/36 : Flaring activity of M dwarfs in the Kepler field (Yang+, 2017)J/AJ/156/217 : Stellar properties for M dwarfs in MEarth-South (Newton+,2018)J/AJ/155/39 : Variability properties TIC sources with KELT (Oelkers+, 2018)J/ApJ/881/9 : EvryFlare. I. Cool stars's flares southern sky (Howard+, 2019)J/A+A/622/A133 : M45, M44 and M67 flare stars (Ilin+, 2019)J/AJ/159/60 : 8695 flares 1228 stars in TESS sectors 1 & 2 (Gunther+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/895/140https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/895/140http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/895/140https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/895/140https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/895/140http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/895/140GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/895/140/table1 (Rotation periods and starspots on cool flare stars observed by Evryscope in TESS Sectors 1-6)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/895/140/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/895/140/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/895/140/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true71.84526-27.84150.0055555555555555566/16525 16993 17058 17124 17131 17139 17202 17288 17511 17606 17816 17822 20505 20650 20661 21180 21422 22202 22603 22645 22760 22856-22857 22904 23094 32805 32868 32953 32978 33055 33065 33075 33118 33129 33144 33320 33377 33403 33449 33464 33475 33493 33501 33523 33550 33583 33589 33716 33830 33848 33894 33937 33996 34127 34196 34266 34380 34450 34486 34680 34734 34742 34776 34819 34830 34833 34851 34857 34942 34998 35131 35150 35517 35531 35640 36057 36319 36492 36593 36614 36660 37038 37041 37102 37389 37406 37418 37442 37452 37485 37547 39630 45120 45269 45336 45345 45374 45389 45471 45544 45853 46351 46406 46456 46544 46598 46620 46733 46856 47050 48263 48287 48404 48453https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/895/140?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/895/140/table1Rotation periods and starspots on cool flare stars observed by Evryscope in TESS Sectors 1-6recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTICTESS identifiermeta.id;meta.mainlongSectorsTESS sectors (1)obs.fieldcharRAJ2000[3.69/360] Right Ascension (J2000) (2)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-84.4/2.51] Declination (J2000) (2)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainProt[0.34/104] Stellar rotation perioddtime.perioddoublee_Prot[1e-05/9.5] Uncertainty in Protdstat.errordoubleRo[0.01/3.21] Rossby numberstat.paramfloatLSSN[6/71] Lomb-Scargle peak, signal-to-noise, {sigma}stat.snrintMJD[57398/58293] Modified Julian date of peak phase; MJD=JD-2400000.5 (3)dtime.epochdoubledM-EVR[0.008/0.22] Amplitude, Evryscope g' band (4)maginstr.paramfloatdF-EVR[0.015/0.438] Fractional light blocked, {Delta}F/F, Evryscope (4)%instr.paramfloatRot?Evryscope rotation in TESS data? (5)meta.codechardM-TESS[0.004/0.06]? Amplitude, Evryscope g' band (6)maginstr.paramfloatnullabledF-TESS[0.007/0.2]? Fractional light blocked, {Delta}F/F, TESS (6)%instr.paramfloatnullableTspot[2800/3400] Estimated spot temperatureKphys.temperatureintFspot[0.03/1.04] Evryscope-measured starspot coverage fraction%instr.paramfloatMass[0.2/0.7] Mass, starsolMassmeta.idfloatRad[0.23/0.63] Radius, starsolRadmeta.idfloatTeff[3200/4400] Stellar surface temperatureKphys.temperatureintSpTEstimated spectral typesrc.spTypecharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar