J/ApJ/891/81ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/891/81doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18910081CDSPandey R.Sharma S.Panwar N.Dewangan L.K.Ojha D.K.Bisen D.P.,Sinha T.Ghosh A.Pandey A.K.2024-02-08T13:11:40Z2021-09-07T15:34:18ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frh-ii-regionsyoung-stellar-objectsinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomybroad-band-photometryproper-motionsstellar-agesstellar-massesextinctioninterstellar-mediumUsing our deep optical and near-infrared photometry along with multiwavelength archival data, we here present a detailed study of the Galactic HII region Sh 2-305 to understand the star/star-cluster formation. On the basis of excess infrared emission, we have identified 116 young stellar objects (YSOs) within a field of view of ~18.5'x18.5' around Sh 2-305. The average age, mass, and extinction (AV) for this sample of YSOs are 1.8Myr, 2.9M_{sun}_, and 7.1mag, respectively. The density distribution of stellar sources along with minimal spanning tree calculations on the location of YSOs reveals at least three stellar subclusterings in Sh 2-305. One cluster is seen toward the center (i.e., Mayer 3), while the other two are distributed toward the north and south directions. Two massive O-type stars (VM2 and VM4; ages ~5Myr) are located at the center of the Sh 2-305 HII region. The analysis of the infrared and radio maps traces the photon-dominant regions (PDRs) in Sh 2-305. The association of the younger generation of stars with the PDRs is also investigated in Sh2-305. This result suggests that these two massive stars might have influenced the star formation history in Sh 2-305. This argument is also supported by the calculation of various pressures driven by massive stars, the slope of the mass function/K-band luminosity function, star formation efficiency, fraction of Class I sources, and mass of the dense gas toward the subclusterings in Sh 2-305.2020ApJ...891...81Phttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/891/81CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/183 : UBVRI Photometric Standards (Landolt 1992)II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)VI/139 : Herschel Observation Log (Herschel Science Centre, 2013)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)I/347 : Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia DR2 (Bailer-Jones+, 2018)J/ApJ/428/693 : Rosette Nebula & Maddalena Cloud structures (Williams+ 1994)J/A+A/397/177 : IR star clusters and stellar groups catalog (Bica+, 2003)J/A+A/400/533 : New infrared star clusters in southern MW (Dutra+, 2003)J/AJ/132/1669 : Wide-field CCD phot. around 9 open clusters (Sharma+, 2006)J/A+A/462/L17 : Dense cores in interstellar molecular clouds (Alves+, 2007)J/ApJ/667/963 : NIR photometry of Carina nebula (Sanchawala+, 2007)J/ApJ/675/491 : Lynds 988e JHKs and IRAC photometry (Allen+, 2008)J/ApJ/674/336 : Spitzer observations of NGC 1333 (Gutermuth+, 2008)J/MNRAS/384/1675 : BVRIc photometry of Stock 8 (Jose+, 2008)J/ApJ/688/1142 : Star formation in W5: Spitzer observations (Koenig+, 2008)J/MNRAS/383/1241 : UBVIc photometry of cluster Berkeley 59 (Pandey+, 2008)J/MNRAS/396/964 : T Tauri in and around bright-rimmed clouds (Chauhan+, 2009)J/A+A/501/563 : HKs photometry in the Arches cluster (Espinoza+, 2009)J/ApJS/181/321 : Properties of Spitzer c2d dark clouds (Evans+, 2009)J/ApJS/184/18 : Spitzer survey of young stellar clusters (Gutermuth+, 2009)J/AJ/141/123 : Molecular clouds associated with HII regions (Azimlu+, 2011)J/MNRAS/415/1202 : BVI photometry in W5E HII region (Chauhan+, 2011)J/AJ/143/41 : UBVIc CCD phot. of star clusters Tr14 and Tr16 (Hur+, 2012)J/ApJ/755/20 : YSOs population of Sh2-294 with Spitzer/IRAC (Samal+, 2012)J/PASJ/64/107 : Multiwavelength study of NGC 281 complex (Sharma+, 2012)J/MNRAS/432/3445 : YSOs on HII complex Sh2-252 (Jose+, 2013)J/ApJ/764/172 : UBVRI photometry of stars toward NGC 1931 (Pandey+, 2013)J/A+A/549/A130 : YSOs in Herschel-Hi-GAL survey (Veneziani+, 2013)J/MNRAS/430/3350 : Proper motions and membership in NGC 3766 (Yadav+, 2013)J/MNRAS/439/3719 : Embedded clusters infrared photometry (Chavarria+, 2014)J/ApJ/787/107 : Spatial structure of young clusters. I. (Kuhn+, 2014)J/A+A/567/A109 : Carina nebula optically identified YSOs (Kumar+, 2014)J/MNRAS/443/3218 : NGC 7538 IRS 1-3 and IRS 9 sources (Mallick+, 2014)J/MNRAS/443/1614 : YSOs in BRC 5, 7 and 39 (Panwar+, 2014)J/ApJ/822/49 : Cand. YSOs in AFGL 333 with NEWFIRM & Spitzer (Jose+, 2016)J/A+A/585/A101 : MW global survey of star clusters. V. (Kharchenko+, 2016)J/AJ/151/126 : Phot. of YSOs in eight bright-rimmed clouds (Sharma+, 2016)J/MNRAS/461/2502 : Multiwavelength study of HII region S311 (Yadav+, 2016)J/MNRAS/468/2684 : IC1805 YSOs (Panwar+, 2017)J/MNRAS/467/2943 : NGC 7538 region YSOs (Sharma+, 2017)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/891/81https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/891/81http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/891/81https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/891/81https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/891/81http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/891/81GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/891/81/table3 (Stars identified as members of Sh 2-305)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/891/81/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/891/81/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/891/81/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true112.50653806-18.626101940.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/891/81/table4 (IR photometry for 116 YSOs identified in Sh 2-305)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/891/81/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/891/81/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/891/81/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true112.53993194-18.666078890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/891/81/table5 (Optical data for 28 YSOs)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/891/81/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/891/81/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/891/81/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true112.63908389-18.660336110.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/891/81/table6 (Stellar parameters of selected 98 YSOs derived using the SED fitting analysis)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/891/81/table6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/891/81/table6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/891/81/table6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true112.5399319-18.66607890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/891/81/table8 (Properties of the clumps identified using the Herschel column density map)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/891/81/table8?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/891/81/table8?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/891/81/table8?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true112.429583-18.4041670.0055555555555555566/215048.157980699529898e-21 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/891/81?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/891/81/table3Stars identified as members of Sh 2-305recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[1/137] Sequential running number of the starmeta.numberintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharRAJ2000[112.43/112.62] Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-18.63/-18.44] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainplx[-0.23/0.87] Gaia DR2 parallaxmaspos.parallax.trigfloate_plx[0.02/0.8] Uncertainty in plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatpmRA[-2.45/-1.02] Gaia DR2 proper motion in RAmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.rafloate_pmRA[0.02/0.9] Uncertainty in pmRAmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatpmDE[1.35/3.17] Gaia DR2 proper motion in Decmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decfloate_pmDE[0.03/1] Uncertainty in pmDEmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatGmag[12.45/20.33] Gaia DR2 G band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloatGbp-Grp[1.19/]? Gaia DR2 (Gbp-Grp) color indexmagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.RfloatnullableMm[81/100] Membership probability, Equation 9%statintGaiaDisplay the Gaia DR2 cat. (I/345 and I/347) within 3"meta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/891/81/table4IR photometry for 116 YSOs identified in Sh 2-305SimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintOptDisplay the optical data for this YSO (link to Table 5)meta.ref.urlcharID[1/116] IR sequential running number of the YSOmeta.id;meta.mainintprimarySEDDisplay the SED results for this YSO (link to Table6)meta.ref.urlintnullableRAJ2000[112.36/112.64] Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-18.67/-18.43] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJmag[10.85/17.98]? TIRSPEC J band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_Jmag[0.003/0.2]? Uncertainty in Jmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableHmag[8.02/17.64]? TIRSPEC H band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Hfloatnullablee_Hmag[0.004/0.2]? Uncertainty in Hmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableKmag[6.05/16.18]? TIRSPEC K band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullablee_Kmag[0.003/0.2]? Uncertainty in Kmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullable[3.6][8.12/14.93]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_[3.6][0.03/0.2]? Error in 3.6ummagstat.errorfloatnullable[4.5][7.05/14.61]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_[4.5][0.03/4.1]? Error in 4.5ummagstat.errorfloatnullableW1mag[0.26/15.38]? WISE W1 magnitude (3.35um)magphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_W1mag[0.02/2.75]? Uncertainty in W1magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW2mag[0.41/15.63]? WISE W2 magnitude (4.6um)magphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_W2mag[0.01/0.3]? Uncertainty in W2magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW3mag[0.10/11.64]? WISE W3 magnitude (11.6um)magphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullablee_W3mag[0.01/0.4]? Uncertainty in W3magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW4mag[0.003/8.7]? WISE W4 magnitude (22.1um)magphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablee_W4mag[0.02/0.5]? Uncertainty in W4magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableClYSO Class (I=20 occurrences, II=96 occurrences)src.classcharWISEADisplay the AllWISE cat. (II/328) within 3"meta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/891/81/table5Optical data for 28 YSOsID[2/113] IR identifier as in Table 4meta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000[112.39/112.64] Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-18.67/-18.45] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag[14.53/21.45] V band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vfloate_Vmag[0.003/0.09] Uncertainty in Vmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint(U-B)[-0.3/0.8]? (U-B) color indexmagphot.color;em.opt.U;em.opt.Bfloatnullablee_(U-B)[0.01/0.3]? Uncertainty in (U-B)magstat.errorfloatnullable(B-V)[0.9/2.1]? (B-V) color indexmagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.Vfloatnullablee_(B-V)[0.008/0.2]? Uncertainty in (B-V)magstat.errorfloatnullable(V-R)[0.4/1.8] (V-R) color indexmagphot.color;em.opt.V;em.opt.Rfloate_(V-R)[0.004/0.2] Uncertainty in (V-R)magstat.errorfloat(V-I)[1.2/3.3] (V-I) color indexmagphot.color;em.opt.V;em.opt.Ifloate_(V-I)[0.005/0.1] Uncertainty in (V-I)magstat.errorfloatJ/ApJ/891/81/table6Stellar parameters of selected 98 YSOs derived using the SED fitting analysisSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintID[1/116] IR identifier as in Table 4meta.id;meta.mainintNsed[5/14] Number of points in SEDmeta.numberintClYSO Class (I=12 occurrences; II=84 occurrences)src.classcharchi2[0/85.4] Minimised {chi}^2^ valuestat.valuefloatDist[3.3/3.8] Distancekpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloate_Dist[0/0.3] Uncertainty in Distkpcstat.errorfloatAv[2.2/23.1] Extinction, line of sight to YSOmagphys.absorption;spect.linefloate_Av[0.1/7.7] Uncertainty in Avmagstat.errorfloatAge[0/5.8] Age of the YSOMyrtime.agefloate_Age[0/3.5] Uncertainty in AgeMyrstat.error;time.agefloatMstar[0.8/16.2] Mass of the YSOsolMassphys.massfloate_Mstar[0/3.3] Uncertainty in MstarsolMassstat.errorfloat_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/891/81/table8Properties of the clumps identified using the Herschel column density maprecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[1/25] Herschel clump identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainRad[0.28/1.32] Clump Radiuspcphys.size.radiusfloatMclump[35/1565] Clump masssolMassphys.massint