J/ApJ/890/46ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/890/46doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18900046CDSTu Z.-L.Yang M.Zhang Z.J.Wang F.Y.2021-09-29T13:20:08Z2021-08-17T09:33:49ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frg-starsstellar-flaresSuperflares, which are strong explosions on stars, have been well studied with the progress of spacetime-domain astronomy. In this work, we present the study of superflares on solar-type stars using Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) data. Thirteen sectors of observations during the first year of the TESS mission covered the southern hemisphere of the sky, containing 25734 solar-type stars. We verified 1216 superflares on 400 solar-type stars through automatic search and visual inspection with 2 minute cadence data. Our result suggests a higher superflare frequency distribution than the result from Kepler. This may be because the majority of TESS solar-type stars in our data set are rapidly rotating stars. The power-law index {gamma} of the superflare frequency distribution (dN/dE{propto}E^-{gamma}^) is constrained to be {gamma}=2.16+/-0.10, which is a little larger than that of solar flares but consistent with the results from Kepler. Because only seven superflares of Sun-like stars are detected, we cannot give a robust superflare occurrence frequency. Four stars were accompanied by unconfirmed hot planet candidates. Therefore, superflares may possibly be caused by stellar magnetic activities instead of planet-star interactions. We also find an extraordinary star, TIC43472154, which exhibits about 200 superflares per year. In addition, the correlation between the energy and duration of superflares (T_duration_{propto}E^{beta}^) is analyzed. We derive the power-law index to be {beta}=0.42+/-0.01, which is a little larger than {beta} = 1/3 from the prediction according to magnetic reconnection theory.2020ApJ...890...46Thttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/890/46CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/311 : Hipparcos, the New Reduction (van Leeuwen, 2007)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)IV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)J/ApJ/687/1264 : Age estimation for solar-type dwarfs (Mamajek+, 2008)J/AJ/141/50 : White-light flares on cool stars from Kepler (Walkowicz+, 2011)J/AJ/143/93 : Rotational velocities in early-M stars (Reiners+, 2012)J/other/Nat/485.478 : Superflares on solar-type stars (Maehara+, 2012)J/ApJS/209/5 : Superflares of Kepler stars. I. (Shibayama+, 2013)J/ApJS/211/24 : Rotation periods of Kepler MS stars (McQuillan+, 2014)J/ApJ/849/36 : Flaring activity of M dwarfs in the Kepler field (Yang+, 2017)J/ApJ/851/91 : Stat. studies of solar white-light flares (Namekata+, 2017)J/A+A/614/A76 : CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs. III. (Jeffers+, 2018)J/ApJ/866/99 : Radii of KIC stars & planets using Gaia DR2 (Berger+, 2018)J/ApJS/241/29 : Flare catalog through LC data of Kepler DR25 (Yang+, 2019)J/ApJ/883/88 : Short-duration flares from GALEX & Kepler (Brasseur+, 2019)J/AJ/159/60 : Flares from 1228 stars in TESS sectors 1 & 2 (Gunther+, 2020)J/other/CoSka/51.78 : Flare stars in nearby Gal. open clusters (Maryeva+ 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/890/46https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/890/46http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/890/46https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/890/46https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/890/46http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/890/46GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/890/46/table1 (Flare stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/890/46/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/890/46/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/890/46/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true320.2081564-53.03421060.0055555555555555566/18 35 145 4123 4231 16490-16491 16631 16857 16941 17424 17764 17885 17891 20492 20513 20517 20522 20528 20610 20627 20636 20639 20650 20993 21038 21046 21080 21082 21094 21118 21175 21188 21218 21415 21424 21520 21820 22013 22066 22541 22581 22594 22619 22691 22725 22732 22939 23011 23021 23050 23068 23100 23130 23290 23293 23407 23472 23495 23637 23743 24620 24730 24782 24882 25173 25502 26651 26789 26822 26845 26860 26920-26921 27252 27276 27311 32782 32836 32847 32872 32884 32926 32982 33028 33046 33050 33095 33112-33113 33140 33156 33180 33235 33239 33312 33439 33707 33803 33810 33814 33821 33835 33838 33868 33871 33874 33879 33882 33884 33902 33921 33958 34010 34012 34019 34046 34048 34050 34074 34099 34122 34125-34126 34145 34149 34165-34166 34203 34208 34224 34292 34365 34368 34378 34384 34423 34491 34495 34523 34556 34580 34651 34662 34702 34716 34721 34749 34757 34790 34886 35042 35054 35200 35853 36007 36021 36119-36120 36156 36158 36197 36237 36304 36407 36490 36752-36753 36805 36809 36899-36900 36910 36963 36980 36983 37065-37066 37073 37100 37177 37213 37222 37267 37287 37312 37328 37330 37346 37385 37388 37395 37414 37417 37419 37442 37444 37464 37466 37480 37494 37518 37524 37542-37543 37564 37566 37575 37577 37581 37585 37592 37594 37600 37602 37625 37652 37664 37689 37695 37728 37731-37732 37744-37745 37783-37784 37794 37838 37850 37889 37892 37956 37960 38030 38072 38160 38189 38292 38413 38438 38654 38758 38930 38938 38943 38949 38955 38965 38969 38972 38974 38979 38985-38987 38997 39002 39010-39011 39035 39051 39063 39065 39073 39078 39083 39087 39094 39098 39104 39191 39336 39355 39441 39450 39478 39489 39524 39544 39566 39579 39589 39591 39595 39627 39629 39851 40202 40217 40229 40251 40386 40723 41129 41238 41240 41448 41501 41569 41583 41626 41652 41697 41730 41777-41778 41806 41821 41837 41880 41943 41972-41973 41997 42021 42096 42315 42427 42436 42493 42532 42546 42555 42601 42658 42792 42799 42809 42824 42891 42903 42908 42929 43016 43027-43028 43058 43068 43113 43121 43123 43132 43139 43146 43162 43166 43180-43181 43225 43272 43287 43304 43339-43340 43366 43371 43435 43475 43532-43533 43546 43573 43598 43683 44034 44104 44133 44146 45072 45101 45134 45248 45490 45806 45821 45829 45927 46145 46239 46480 46520 46630 47218 47287 47328 47708 47904 48010 48425https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/890/46?format=asciidefaultJ/ApJ/890/46/table1Flare starsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTIC[737327/468899939] TESS identifiermeta.id;meta.mainlongprimaryTeff[5103/5998] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintlogg[4/4.71] log surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatRad[0.69/1.7] Stellar radiussolRadphys.size.radiusfloatPer[0.14/25.5] Stellar rotational perioddtime.periodfloatNfl[1/63] Number of flares (1)meta.numberintNset[1/13] Number of Set-n (2)meta.numberintFreq[1.19/233.2] Flare frequency, f*, deduced by Equ. 9 (N_*flares_/{tau}*) (3)yr**-1em.freq;src.varfloatFlagFlare star flag (4)meta.code.errorcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/890/46/table2SuperflaresrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTIC[737327/468899939] TESS identifiermeta.id;meta.mainlongDatePk[1325.58/1681.99] Date of superflares' peakdtime.epochdoubleFluxPk[1.29e+31/7.9e+33] Peak Flux (1)1e-07Wphot.flux.density;em.optdoubleEnergy[4.75e+33/1.8e+37] Superflare energy1e-07Jphys.energydoubleDuration[480/15960] Superflare durationstime.durationdouble