J/ApJ/890/23ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/890/23doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18900023CDSLoyd R.O.P.Shkolnik E.L.Schneider A.C.Richey-Yowell T.Barman T.S.,Peacock S.Pagano I.2021-09-29T13:33:22Z2021-08-16T10:04:13ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetsstellar-massesultraviolet-photometrystellar-radiiWe search for evidence of the cause of the exoplanet radius gap, i.e., the dearth of planets with radii near 1.8R_{Earth}_. If the cause were photoevaporation, the radius gap should trend with proxies for the early-life high-energy emission of the planet-hosting stars. If, alternatively, the cause were core-powered mass loss, no such trends should exist. Critically, spurious trends between the radius gap and stellar properties arise from an underlying correlation with instellation. After accounting for this underlying correlation, we find that no trends remain between the radius gap and stellar mass or present-day stellar activity as measured by near-UV emission. We dismiss the nondetection of a radius gap trend with near-UV emission because present-day near-UV emission is unlikely to trace early-life high-energy emission, but we provide a catalog of Galaxy Evolution Explorer near-UV and far-UV emission measurements for general use. We interpret the nondetection of a radius gap trend with stellar mass by simulating photoevaporation with mass-dependent evolution of stellar high-energy emission. The simulation produces an undetectable trend between the radius gap and stellar mass under realistic sources of error. We conclude that no evidence, from this analysis or others in the literature, currently exists that clearly favors either photoevaporation or core-powered mass loss as the primary cause of the exoplanet radius gap. However, repeating this analysis once the body of well-characterized <4R_{Earth}_ planets has roughly doubled could confirm or rule out photoevaporation.2020ApJ...890...23Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/890/23CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)II/335 : Revised catalog of GALEX UV sources (GUVcat_AIS GR6+7) (Bianchi+ 2017)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/AJ/135/785 : SDSS-DR5 low-mass star spectroscopic sample (West+, 2008)J/MNRAS/422/2024 : X-ray-age relation & exoplanet evaporation (Jackson+, 2012)J/ApJ/766/9 : GALEX observations of exoplanet host stars (Shkolnik, 2013)J/ApJ/780/159 : Rotation-mass-ages of old field stars (Epstein+, 2014)J/AJ/148/64 : HAZMAT. I. FUV & NUV in early M stars (Shkolnik+, 2014)J/AJ/154/109 : California-Kepler Survey. III. Planet radii (Fulton+, 2017)J/ApJ/848/34 : CATalog of Stellar Unified Properties (Hinkel+, 2017)J/AJ/155/122 : HAZMAT. III. Low-mass stars GALEX photometry (Schneider+, 2018)J/AJ/156/264 : CKS. VII. Planet radius gap (Fulton+, 2018)J/ApJ/872/17 : HAZMAT. V. UV & X evolution of K stars (Richey-Yowell+, 2019)J/ApJ/875/29 : Spectroscopic analysis of the CKS sample. I. (Martinez+, 2019)http://archive.stsci.edu/galexView/ : GalexView home pagehttp://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ : NASA exoplanet archivehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/890/23https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/890/23http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/890/23https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/890/23https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/890/23http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/890/23GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/890/23/table1 (Host star GALEX fluxes and planetary irradiations for all known planetary systems)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/890/23/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/890/23/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/890/23/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true185.179273317.79287190.0055555555555555564/922-923 933-935 944-946 5/1174 3645-3647 3683 3704 3706 3729-3731 3788-3789 3792-3793 7205 7216-7217 6/174 267 270 275 279 282 285 311 313 318 320 328 336 340-341 353-354 376 391 397 404 413 431 437 449-450 464 467 679 685 717 725 737 748 790 876 913 918 1029 1032 1036 1040 1050 1052 1063-1064 1066 1075 1275 1292 1544 1597 2043 2110 2152 2250 2254 2297 2308 2312 2335 2416 2472 2497 2515 2532 2551 2577 2579 2584 2596 2711 2715 2740 2953 2971 3015 3115 3118 3121 3344 3350 3536 3663 3876 3906 3932 3968 3979 4082 4104 4136 4145 4241 4247 4255 4268-4269 4271-4273 4280 4285-4286 4296 4298 4321-4322 4330 4332 4351 4428-4429 4441 4444 4521 4528 4574 4624 4629 4632 4651 4659-4660 4673 4677 4679 4687-4688 4700 4704 4716 4720 4730 4733 4816 4867 4875 4881 4897 4990 5009 5067 5170 5309 5420 5475 5488 5522 5553 5556 5572 5667 5718 5730 5815 5849 6006 6017 6058 6181 6219 6237 6298 6349 6381 6539 6638 6760 6791 6821 6831 7036 7136 7162 7208 7240 7272 7402 7447 7502 7649 7746 7760 7917 8197 8235 8237 8357 8384 8466 8477-8478 8671 8785 8825 8843 9061 9173 9350 9355 9365 9403 9459 9482-9483 9524 9653 9662 9753 9811 9843 9893 9934 10079 10118 10146 10149 10225 10278 10380 10407 10654 10701 10730 10953 11035 11087 11267 11279 11326 11352 11394 11455 11473 11589 11636 11671 11699 11732 11910 12024 12030 12056 12082-12083 12146 12148 12186 12306 12342 12352 12398 12424 12465 12482 12486 12502 12592 12600 12612 12644 12646 12655 12853 12862 12899 12983 13044 13122 13128 13143 13250 13423 13439 13442 13464 13569 13643 13680 13688 13702 13752 13808 13941 14116 14191 14275-14276 14278 14284 14305 14317 14329 14412 14419 14434 14446 14466 14516 14525 14548 14555 14567-14568 14573 14575 14577-14579 14598 14667 14682 14730-14731 14744 14746 14749-14751 14792 14794-14795 14828 14830 14839 14886 14896 14914-14915 14993 15029 15040-15041 15043-15045 15057 15059-15062 15160-15162 15176 15178 15200 15218 15232-15233 15273 15310 15345 15550 15635 15642 15683 15848 15950 16035 16074 16213 16405 16432 16512 16534 16627 16633 16652 16667 16707 16758 16768 16783 16823 16847 16884 16901 16947 16971 16995 17040 17149 17162 17172 17226-17227 17266 17327 17341 17344 17425 17496 17587 17641 17730-17731 17753 17764 17819 17851 17865 17888 17954 17999 18007 18018 18022-18023 18028-18029 18033 18039 18093 18112 18130 18132 18147 18163-18164 18171-18172 18184 18192 18208 18222-18223 18313 18328-18329 18338 18344-18345 18350 18352 18361 18434-18435 18441 18451-18453 18459 18462 18469-18470 18473 18490-18491 18496 18510 18532 18536 18539 18542 18561 18565 18567 18569 18572 18574 18578 18580 18585 18588 18614 18628 18632 18641 18666 18688 18696 18704 18726 18747 18766 18785-18786 18800 18821 18835 18880-18881 18943 18953 19024 19371 19619 19669 19782 19815 19904 19912 20072 20116 20125 20145 20186 20338-20339 20382 20453 20455 20476 20501 20543 20557 20565 20582 20593 20648 20659 20682 20741 20746 20780 20790 20872 20886 20973 21003 21026 21076 21079 21121 21176 21221 21223 21254 21326 21406 21473 21531 21580 21742 21838 21876 21906 21941 21956 21989 22001 22015 22034 22036 22040 22065 22078-22079 22120 22168-22169 22208 22252 22309 22331 22396 22505 22518-22519 22590 22645 22654 22708 22773 22816 22837 22878 22963 23030 23201 23322 23363 23414 23531 23540 23583 23636 23646 23681 24019 24039 24057 24115 24122 24178 24205 24223 24227 24256 24294 24312 24340 24409 24428 24530 24580 24622 24713 24752 24815-24816 24831 24858 24924 24981 25055 25114 25132 25135 25140 25153 25194 25238 25283 25401 25423-25424 25427-25428 25433-25434 25443 25446 25452 25454 25456 25463 25466 25468 25543 25548 25551-25554 25557 25562 25565 25577 25585 25593 25604 25614 25624 25626-25627 25631 25650 25673 25675 25696 25699 25710 25721 25723 25725 25756-25757 25783 25794-25795 25810 25829 25845 25875 25885 25939 25950 25989 26019 26062 26114 26120 26124 26142 26168 26170 26183 26242 26246 26252-26253 26256 26258 26274-26275 26278 26290 26292 26296-26297 26521 26555 26575 26706-26707 26727 26771 26790 26844 26901 26918 26928 26935 26938 26940 26944 26953 26959 26961 26969 26972 26977-26978 26982 26986 26990-26992 26997 26999 27001 27018 27021 27025 27056 27060 27075-27076 27078-27079 27084-27085 27088 27121 27164 27220 27393 27411 27488 27548 27616 27658 27680-27682 27684 27690 27704 27750 27780 27787 27881 27975 28040 28044 28085 28103 28130 28221 28258 28274 28392 28400 28433 28548 28571 28711 28716 28728-28729 28731-28732 28734-28735 28763 28767 28770 28776-28777 28779-28780 28782 28817 28828 28838 28854 28857 28873 28880 28883 28888 28898 28904-28905 28907 28981 29002 29012 29014 29017 29022 29246 29291 29349 29402 29513 29520 29541 29589 29683 29730 29838 29852 30009 30013 30015 30116 30157 30170 30240-30241 30278 30293 30295 30344 30378 30419 30436 30444 30447 30450-30451 30456 30466 30485 30526 30541 30707 30734 30770-30771 30801 31216 31428 31494 31541 31606 31641 31689 31714 31813 31858 31860 31874 32217 32259 32335 32491 32501 32509 32561 32564 32575 32640 32659 32727 32748-32749 32848 32930 32986 33042 33145 33157 33160 33182 33200 33210 33212 33220 33243 33258 33377 33430 33449 33456 33510 33608 33630 33717 33719 33723 33798 33813 33923 33966 33974 34026 34054 34069 34181 34260 34301 34370 34390 34446 34471 34526 34566 34674 34708 34751 34755 34767 34773 34812 34847-34848 34860 34898 34902 34905 34940 34951 34957 35079 35121 35210 35268 35339 35362 35415 35442 35456 35486 35532 35786 35814 35839 35907 35928 35954 35968 35993 36015 36078 36092 36129 36142 36165 36195-36196 36390 36497 36506 36555 36667 36697 36759 36794 36956-36957 37018 37047 37119 37175 37186 37246-37247 37329 37461 37477 37573 37923 37954-37955 38162 38233 38238 38330 38414 38452 38461 38464 38545 38682 38728 38744 38807 38937 38975 38998 39007 39044 39185 39257 39280 39364 39446 39474 39487 39512 39542-39543 39611 39646 39667 39673 39675 39812 39826 39829 39851 39926 40014 40022 40066 40143 40189 40194 40220 40312 40320 40400 40442 40513 40661 40692 40862 40864 40985 41058 41167 41211 41432 41446 41515 41578 41591 41607 41627 41710 41724 41752 41905 41941 42001 42044 42101 42205 42221 42248 42274 42281 42290 42318 42333 42386 42459 42510 42570 42648 42661 42714 42760 42808 42841 42865 42934 42936 42955 42970 42980-42981 42983-42984 42986 42989 43012 43130 43150 43203 43228 43248 43336 43374 43415 43432 43442 43541 43586 43623 43625 43639 43656 43677 43733 43775 43813 43818 43840 43847 43865 43911 43960 44200 44223 44228 44243 44317 44335 44363 44365 44369-44370 44378-44379 44398 44402 44431 44436 44463 44512 44518 44648 44672 44685 44740 44921 45051 45143 45168 45258 45364 45372 45378 45380 45489 45624 45682 45717 45721 45766 45800 45855 45865 45890 45922 46058 46100 46111-46112 46121 46135 46215 46244 46297 46306 46316 46421 46429 46437 46625 46632 46682 46771 46775 46800 46843 46939 46967 47000 47167 47186 47307 47330 47476 47550 47590 47681 47740 47780 47930 48005 48068 48076 48082 48098 48105 48108-48109 48111 48113-48114 48117 48121 48165 48178 48251 48327 48338 48353 48358 48364 48402 48500-48501 48503 48519 48530 48545 48652 48674 48727 48729 48747 48803 48945 49103https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/890/23?format=asciiUVdefaultJ/ApJ/890/23/table1Host star GALEX fluxes and planetary irradiations for all known planetary systemsSimbadSIMBAD name of the planetmeta.idcharSimbadNameSIMBAD name of the host starmeta.idcharIDPlanet identifiermeta.id.assoccharHostHost identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharl_ExNUV[-1/1]? Limit flag on ExNUV (2)meta.code.errorintnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNpNumber of planets for this starmeta.numberintnullableNUV[1e-16/9e-10]? Observed GALEX NUV band flux (1)mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.UVfloatnullablee_NUV[9.6e-16/1.5e-12]? Lower uncertainty in NUV (1)mW.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullableE_NUV[9.6e-16/1.5e-12]? Upper uncertainty in NUV (1)mW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablel_NUV[-1/1]? Limit flag on NUV (2)meta.code.errorintnullableNUVp[1e-7/2.9e+10]? NUV band flux at planet (1)mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.UVfloatnullablee_NUVp[3.3e-7/2.6e+9]? Lower uncertainty in NUVp (1)mW.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullableE_NUVp[3.3e-7/2.6e+9]? Upper uncertainty in NUVp (1)mW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablel_NUVp[-1/1]? Limit flag on NUVp (2)meta.code.errorintnullableExNUVExcess NUV band flux at planet (1)(3)mW.m**-2phot.fluxchare_ExNUVLower uncertainty in ExNUV (1)mW.m**-2stat.errorcharE_ExNUVUpper uncertainty in ExNUV (1)mW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxcharFUV[8.4e-17/2.5e-10]? Observed GALEX FUV band flux (1)mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.UVfloatnullablee_FUV[9.5e-16/6.5e-13]? Lower uncertainty in FUV (1)mW.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullableE_FUV[9.5e-16/6.5e-13]? Upper uncertainty in FUV (1)mW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablel_FUV[-1/1]? Limit flag on FUV (2)meta.code.errorintnullableFUVp[1.5e-7/5e+9]? FUV band flux at planet (1)mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.UVfloatnullablee_FUVp[1.6e-7/2.8e+7]? Lower uncertainty in FUVp (1)mW.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullableE_FUVp[1.6e-7/2.8e+7]? Upper uncertainty in FUVp (1)mW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablel_FUVp[1]? Upper limit flag on FUVp (2)meta.code.errorintnullableExFUVExcess FUV band flux at planet (values between -9.1e+97 and 5e+09) (1)(3)mW.m**-2phot.fluxchare_ExFUVLower uncertainty in ExFUV (1)mW.m**-2stat.errorcharE_ExFUVUpper uncertainty in ExFUV (1)mW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxcharl_ExFUV[1]? Upper limit flag on ExFUV (2)meta.code.errorintnullablePer[0.09/7.3e+6]? Orbital perioddtime.perioddoublenullablee_Per[1e-8/3.6e+6]? Lower uncertainty in Perdstat.errorfloatnullableE_Per[1e-8/3.6e+6]? Upper uncertainty in Perdstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablel_Per[-1]? Lower limit flag on Per (2)meta.code.errorintnullabler_PerBibcode reference for Permeta.ref;pos.framecharS[1.97e-6/636430]? Instellation (4)Earthphot.flux.boldoublenullablee_S[1.2e-7/86461]? Lower uncertainty in SEarthstat.errordoublenullableE_S[1.2e-7/86461]? Upper uncertainty in SEarthstat.error;stat.maxdoublenullabler_SBibcode reference for Smeta.ref;pos.framecharMass[0.01/23.6]? Stellar masssolMassphys.massfloatnullablee_Mass[0.002/97.1]? Lower uncertainty in MasssolMassstat.error;phys.massfloatnullableE_Mass[0.002/97.1]? Upper uncertainty in MasssolMassstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullabler_MassBibcode reference for Massmeta.refcharL*[-6.1/6.1] Log stellar luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloate_L*[0/1] Lower uncertainty in L*log(solLum)stat.errorfloatE_L*[0/1.5] Upper uncertainty in L*log(solLum)stat.error;stat.maxfloatr_L*Bibcode reference for L*meta.refcharRp[0.2/96.1]? Planet radiusEarthphys.size.radiusfloatnullablee_Rp[0.008/54.6]? Lower uncertainty in RpEarthstat.errorfloatnullableE_Rp[0.008/54.6]? Lower uncertainty in RpEarthstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablel_Rp[-1/1]? Limit flag on Rp (2)meta.code.errorintnullabler_RpBibcode reference for Rpmeta.ref;pos.framecharb[0/1] Transit impact parameter; unitless (5)src.impactParamfloate_b[0/0.76] Lower uncertainty in bstat.errorfloatE_b[0/0.7] Lower uncertainty in bstat.error;stat.maxfloatl_b[1]? Upper limit flag on b (2)meta.code.errorintnullablelogg[0/5.52] Log stellar surface gravity (5)log(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloate_logg[0/3.6] Lower uncertainty in logglog(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatE_logg[0/0.6] Lower uncertainty in logglog(cm.s**-2)stat.error;stat.maxfloat_RAPosition from SIMBAD host star (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition from SIMBAD host star (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main