J/ApJ/889/44ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/889/44doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18890044CDSNeugent K.F.Massey P.Georgy C.Drout M.R.Mommert M.Levesque E.M.,Meynet G.Ekstrom S.2022-01-17T11:49:04Z2021-08-06T10:50:06ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesinfrared-photometrygiant-starsThe mass-loss rates of red supergiant stars (RSGs) are poorly constrained by direct measurements, and yet the subsequent evolution of these stars depends critically on how much mass is lost during the RSG phase. In 2012 the Geneva evolutionary group updated their mass-loss prescription for RSGs with the result that a 20M_{sun}_ star now loses 10 times more mass during the RSG phase than in the older models. Thus, higher-mass RSGs evolve back through a second yellow supergiant phase rather than exploding as Type II-P supernovae, in accord with recent observations (the so-called "RSG Problem"). Still, even much larger mass-loss rates during the RSG phase cannot be ruled out by direct measurements of their current dust-production rates, as such mass loss is episodic. Here, we test the models by deriving a luminosity function for RSGs in the nearby spiral galaxy, M31, which is sensitive to the total mass loss during the RSG phase. We carefully separate RSGs from asymptotic giant branch stars in the color-magnitude diagram following the recent method exploited by Yang+ (2019, J/A+A/629/A91) in their Small Magellanic Cloud studies. Comparing our resulting luminosity function with that predicted by the evolutionary models shows that the new prescription for RSG mass loss does an excellent job of matching the observations, and we can readily rule out significantly larger values.2020ApJ...889...44Nhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/889/44CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)II/311 : WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri+ 2012)J/A+AS/96/269 : Stellar Models from 0.8 to 120 Msolar (Schaller+, 1992)J/A+A/333/231 : O-M stars model atmospheres (Bessell+ 1998)J/A+A/357/225 : Mass loss of M supergiants (Josselin+, 2000)J/AJ/126/2867 : Red supergiants in Magellanic Clouds (Massey+, 2003)J/AJ/133/2393 : UBVRI phot. in 7 Local Group dwarfs galaxies (Massey+, 2007)J/ApJ/703/441 : Yellow supergiants in M31 (Drout+, 2009)J/ApJ/703/420 : Red supergiants in M31 (Massey+, 2009)J/MNRAS/395/1409 : Type II-P SN progenitor constraints (Smartt+, 2009)J/ApJ/719/1784 : Yellow supergiants in the SMC (Neugent+, 2010)J/AJ/142/103 : Cool evolved stars in SAGE-SMC and SAGE-LMC (Boyer+, 2011)J/ApJ/750/97 : The yellow and red supergiants of M33 (Drout+, 2012)J/A+A/537/A146 : Stellar models with rotation. Z=0.014 (Ekstrom+, 2012)J/ApJ/749/177 : Yellow and red supergiants in the LMC (Neugent+, 2012)J/ApJ/758/133 : Metallicity profile of M31 HII regions & PNe (Sanders+, 2012)J/A+A/558/A103 : Stellar models with rotation. Z=0.002 (Georgy+, 2013)J/ApJ/826/224 : RSG and foreground candidates in M31 (Massey+, 2016)J/MNRAS/478/3138 : Cool supergiants in Magellanic Clouds (Davies+, 2018)J/A+A/616/A12 : Gaia DR2 sources in GC and dSph (Gaia Collaboration+, 2018)J/A+A/629/A91 : A source catalog for the SMC (Yang+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/889/44https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/889/44http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/889/44https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/889/44https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/889/44http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/889/44GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/889/44/stars (UKIRT photometry M31 fields A and B (Table 2) and control field (Table 3))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/889/44/stars?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/889/44/stars?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/889/44/stars?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true9.4602540.99511110.0055555555555555566/2622-2623 2666-2667 2705 2707-2710 2713 2716 27527.952274030004205e-20 1.7798557115773645e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/889/44?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/889/44/starsUKIRT photometry M31 fields A and B (Table 2) and control field (Table 3)Mm[0/3]? Membership flag (2)meta.code.errorintnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFieldField A, B or C=control field; column added by CDSmeta.id;obs.fieldcharRAJ2000[0] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDEJ2000[40/42] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainJmag[6.3/20.5] Apparent J band magnitude (1)magphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloate_Jmag[0.001/0.4] The 1{sigma} uncertainty in Jmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatKsmag[5.3/18.5] Apparent Ks band magnitude (1)magphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloate_Ksmag[0.001/0.3] The 1{sigma} uncertainty in Ksmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatJ-Ks[0.5/2] The (J-Ks) color indexmagphot.color;em.IR.J;em.IR.Kfloate_J-Ks[0.001/0.4] The 1{sigma} uncertainty in J-Ksmagstat.error;phot.color;em.IR.Jfloat