J/ApJ/887/261ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/887/261doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18870261CDSMartinez-Rodriguez H.Caballero J.A.Cifuentes C.Piro A.L.Barnes R.2022-07-06T07:12:40Z2021-06-24T13:11:54ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetsm-starsstellar-massesstellar-distanceeffective-temperatureM dwarfs host most of the exoplanets in the local Milky Way. Some of these planets, ranging from sub-Earths to super-Jupiters, orbit in their stars' habitable zones (HZs), although many likely possess surface environments that preclude habitability. Moreover, exomoons around these planets could harbor life for long timescales and thus may also be targets for biosignature surveys. Here we investigate the potential habitability, stability, and detectability of exomoons around exoplanets orbiting M dwarfs. We first compile an updated list of known M-dwarf exoplanet hosts, comprising 109 stars and 205 planets. For each M dwarf, we compute and update precise luminosities with the Virtual Observatory spectral energy distribution Analyzer and Gaia DR2 parallaxes to determine inner and outer boundaries of their HZs. For each planet, we retrieve (or, when necessary, homogeneously estimate) their masses and radii, calculate the long-term dynamical stability of hypothetical moons, and identify those planets that can support habitable moons. We find that 33 exoplanet candidates are located in the HZs of their host stars and that four of them could host Moon- to Titan-mass exomoons for timescales longer than the Hubble time.2019ApJ...887..261Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/887/261CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toIII/123 : Dwarf K and M stars of small proper motion (Stephenson 1986)I/259 : The Tycho-2 Catalogue (Hog+ 2000)I/311 : Hipparcos, the New Reduction (van Leeuwen, 2007)II/312 : GALEX-DR5 (GR5) sources from AIS and MIS (Bianchi+ 2011)II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)V/139 : The SDSS Photometric Catalog, Release 9 (Adelman-McCarthy+, 2012)J/AJ/77/486 : Dwarf K & M stars in Southern hemisphere (Upgren+, 1972)J/A+A/474/293 : Radial velocities of GJ 674 (Bonfils+, 2007)J/ApJ/662/1067 : Sptizer observations of sigma Orionis (Hernandez+, 2007)J/A+A/476/1347 : HST/ACS flux time series for HD 189733 (Pont+, 2007)J/A+A/469/L43 : Radial velocities of Gl 581 (Udry+, 2007)J/A+A/492/277 : Analysis of Collinder 69 stars with VOSA (Bayo+, 2008)J/A+A/505/859 : M dwarfs radial velocities (Zechmeister+, 2009)J/ApJ/723/954 : HIRES radial velocities of GJ 581 (Vogt+, 2010)J/A+A/528/A111 : GJ3634 radial velocity and 4.5um flux (Bonfils+, 2011)J/ApJ/728/117 : Kepler planetary candidates. I. (Borucki+, 2011)J/A+A/526/A141 : Velocities of Gl 676A & HIP 12961 (Forveille+, 2011)J/A+A/546/A27 : Radial velocity & photometry for GJ3470 (Bonfils+, 2012)J/ApJ/757/112 : Stellar diameters. II. K and M-stars (Boyajian+, 2012)J/ApJ/750/114 : Kepler TTVs. IV. 4 mult.-planet systems (Fabrycky+, 2012)J/ApJ/750/L37 : Stellar parameters of low-mass KOIs (Muirhead+, 2012)J/ApJ/750/99 : The Pan-STARRS1 photometric system (Tonry+, 2012)J/A+A/556/A126 : GJ667C activity measurements (Anglada-Escude+, 2013)J/A+A/549/A109 : HARPS XXXI. The M-dwarf sample (Bonfils+, 2013)J/A+A/556/A110 : HARPS radial velocities of GJ 163 (Bonfils+, 2013)J/A+A/549/A10 : Transits of GJ 1214 (Harpsoe+, 2013)J/A+A/551/A59 : Velocity monitoring for 3 HARPS stars (Lo Curto+, 2013)J/A+A/551/A79 : RV periodic variations in {tau} Ceti (Tuomi+, 2013)J/ApJ/771/L45 : 3D global climate models for exoplanets (Yang+, 2013)J/MNRAS/443/L89 : Kapteyn's star spectroscopic data (Anglada-Escude+ 2014)J/ApJ/791/54 : Nearby M Dwarfs parameters (Gaidos+, 2014)J/ApJ/784/45 : Kepler's multiple planet candidates. III. (Rowe+, 2014)J/A+A/575/A119 : HARPS RV and stellar activity (Astudillo-Defru+, 2015)J/ApJ/814/91 : Habitability of transiting exoplanets (Barnes+, 2015)J/ApJ/807/45 : Habitable planets orbiting M dwarfs (Dressing+, 2015)J/AJ/149/166 : Photometry and spectroscopy of HATS-6 (Hartman+, 2015)J/ApJ/809/77 : Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (Sullivan+, 2015)J/A+A/593/A117 : GJ 3998 RVs, S and Halpha indexes (Affer+, 2016)J/AJ/152/141 : Solar neighborhood. XXXVII. (Benedict+, 2016)J/ApJ/822/86 : False positive prob. for Q1-Q17 DR24 KOIs (Morton+, 2016)J/A+A/595/A77 : GJ676A radial velocity curve (Sahlmann+, 2016)J/ApJ/825/19 : Mass-radius relationship for planets (Wolfgang+, 2016)J/A+A/605/L11 : YZ Ceti radial velocity curve (Astudillo-Defru+, 2017)J/A+A/602/A88 : 5 M dwarfs RV curves (Astudillo-Defru+, 2017)J/AJ/153/208 : LCES HIRES/Keck RV Exoplanet Survey (Butler+, 2017)J/ApJ/834/17 : Masses of planets, moons, low mass stars (Chen+, 2017)J/A+A/608/A35 : K2-18 HARPS time-series (Cloutier+, 2017)J/AJ/154/207 : K2 planet syst. around low-mass stars (Dressing+, 2017)J/A+A/608/A63 : HADES VI. GJ 3942b activity with HARPS-N (Perger+, 2017)J/AJ/153/191 : Transiting planet GJ 1132 (Southworth+, 2017)J/AJ/153/136 : Planets & host stars with Gaia plx (Stassun+, 2017)J/A+A/605/A92 : GJ 625 HARPS-N data (Suarez Mascareno+, 2017)J/A+A/618/A142 : Radial velocity for GJ 1132 (Bonfils+, 2018)J/A+A/613/A25 : Radial velocity for Ross 128 (Bonfils+, 2018)J/A+A/618/A103 : Gl617A and Gl96 radial velocity curves (Hobson+, 2018)J/A+A/614/A76 : CARMENES input catalog of M dwarfs. III. (Jeffers+, 2018)J/A+A/618/A115 : HD 147379 radial velocities (Kaminski+, 2018)J/A+A/620/A171 : Radial velocities of GJ 3779 and GJ 1265 (Luque+, 2018)J/A+A/609/L5 : HD147379 b velocity curve (Reiners+, 2018)J/other/Nat/563.365 : Barnard's star radial velocity curve (Ribas+, 2018)J/AJ/155/257 : Photometry & RV follow-up obs. of K2-18 (Sarkis+, 2018)J/A+A/609/A117 : CARMENES RV curves of 7 M-dwarf (Trifonov+, 2018)J/A+A/622/A193 : Gl686 RV curves and BVR photometry (Affer+, 2019)J/A+A/621/A126 : CARMENES input cat. of M dwarfs. IV. (Diez Alonso+ 2019)J/A+A/628/A39 : Radial velocities of GJ 357 (Luque+, 2019)J/ApJ/871/63 : How to constrain your M dwarf. II. Binaries (Mann+, 2019)J/A+A/624/A123 : Gl 49 RVs and activity indicators (Perger+, 2019)J/A+A/625/A68 : Radii & masses of CARMENES targets (Schweitzer+, 2019)J/A+A/624/A49 : Spectra of Earth-like planets (Wunderlich+, 2019)J/A+A/627/A49 : Teegarden's Star RV & H{alpha} (Zechmeister+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/887/261https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/887/261http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/887/261https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/887/261https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/887/261http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/887/261GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/887/261/table5 (Basic properties of planet-host M dwarfs)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/887/261/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/887/261/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/887/261/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true4.595354244.02295470.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/887/261/table6 (Basic properties of M-dwarf hosted exoplanets)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/887/261/table6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/887/261/table6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/887/261/table6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true4.595354244.02295470.0055555555555555566/318 1032 1052 2515 2737 3715 4104 4247 4651 4687 4697-4698 5420 5488 5849 10146 10149 10278 11636 11671 14591 14764 14772 14776 14781 14818-14819 14825 14921 14935 14944 14957-14958 14970 14975 15104 15110 15158 15160 15171 16758 16847 18171 18328-18329 18451 18496 18632 18666 18726 20896 21079 21171 21473 22309 22645 23363 23531 24227 24340 24713 25463 25554 25989 26170 26296 26969 26972 26977 27078 27411 27787 28548 30505 30771 31216 31781 32259 32335 32491 33470 33966 33972 34181 34260 34301 34767 35388 36078 36174 36555 37942 38464 38744 40513 41591 42101 42290 42314 42459 44378-44379 44463 44512 44921 45372 46632 48500https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/887/261?format=asciidefaultJ/ApJ/887/261/table5Basic properties of planet-host M dwarfsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNpNumber of planets for this star (link to Table 6)meta.numberintnullableNameStar Namemeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryf_SpTFlag on SpT (1)meta.codecharONameAlternative namemeta.idcharRAHour of Right Ascension (2)pos.eq.raDEDegree of Declination (2)pos.eq.decDist[1.3/433.2] Distance (3)pcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricdoublee_Dist[0.0003/6.7] Uncertainty in Distpcstat.errorfloatSpTSpectral typesrc.spTypecharTeff[2500/4400] Effective surface temperature (4)Kphys.temperature.effectiveintLstar[5.3/1726] Stellar luminosity (4)0.0001solLumphys.luminosityfloate_Lstar[0.06/58] Uncertainty in Lstar (4)0.0001solLumstat.errorfloatMstar[0.09/0.7] Stellar mass (5)solMassphys.massfloatSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/887/261/table6Basic properties of M-dwarf hosted exoplanetsSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharPlPlanet designationmeta.id.part;meta.maincharHZPotentially in habitable zone? (Yes=33 occurrences)meta.codecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStar Namemeta.id.part;meta.mainchara[0.0058/6.7]? Semi-major axisauphys.angSize.smajAxis;src.orbitaldoublenullableE_a[2e-6/0.5]? Upper uncertainty in aaustat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_a[2e-6/0.5]? Lower uncertainty in aaustat.errordoublenullablePorb[0.17/8775] Orbital perioddtime.perioddoubleE_Porb[1.6e-7/8000]? Upper uncertainty in Porbdstat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_Porb[1.6e-7/1500]? Lower uncertainty in Porbdstat.errordoublenullablef_MpFlag on Mp (1)meta.codecharMp[0.066/2190] Planet mass, Earth units(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massdoubleE_Mp[0.01/99]? Upper uncertainty in Mp(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_Mp[0.01/99]? Lower uncertainty in Mp(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.errorfloatnullablef_RpFlag on Rp (1)meta.codecharRp[0.52/15] Planet radius, Earth units(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloatE_Rp[0.01/7]? Upper uncertainty in Rp(6.3781x10+6m)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_Rp[0.01/3.7]? Lower uncertainty in Rp(6.3781x10+6m)stat.errorfloatnullableRefReference (see refs.dat file)meta.ref;pos.framecharSeff[0.00066/1000] Effective solar irradiance, Earth unitsEarthphot.flux.densitydoublee_Seff[3.7e-5/18]? Uncertainty in SeffEarthstat.errordoublenullableTeq[45/7734] Planet equivalent surface temperatureKphys.temperaturefloate_Teq[0.9/57]? Uncertainty in TeqKstat.errorfloatnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/887/261/refsReferencesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRefReference codemeta.notecharBibCodeBibcode of the referencemeta.bib.bibcodecharAuthAuthor's namemeta.bib.authorcharCommCatalog's reference in VizieRmeta.id;meta.datasetchar