J/ApJ/886/40ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/886/40doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18860040CDSJencson J.E.Kasliwal M.M.Adams S.M.Bond H.E.De K.Johansson J.,Karambelkar V.Lau R.M.Tinyanont S.Ryder S.D.Cody A.M.Masci F.J.,Bally J.Blagorodnova N.Castellon S.Fremling C.Gehrz R.D.Helou G.,Kilpatrick C.D.Milne P.A.Morrell N.Perley D.A.Phillips M.M.,Smith N.van Dyk S.D.Williams R.E.2021-07-05T11:40:07Z2021-04-30T08:58:31ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frinfrared-sourcessupernovaesurveysextinctioninfrared-photometryinfrared-astronomyspectroscopyvisible-astronomyWe present a systematic study of the most luminous (MIR [Vega magnitudes] brighter than -14) infrared (IR) transients discovered by the SPitzer InfraRed Intensive Transients Survey (SPIRITS) between 2014 and 2018 in nearby galaxies (D<35Mpc). The sample consists of nine events that span peak IR luminosities of M_[4.5],peak_ between -14 and -18.2, show IR colors between 0.2<([3.6]-[4.5])<3.0, and fade on timescales between 55d<t_fade_<480d. The two reddest events (A_V_>12) show multiple, luminous IR outbursts over several years and have directly detected, massive progenitors in archival imaging. With analyses of extensive, multiwavelength follow-up, we suggest the following possible classifications: five obscured core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe), two erupting massive stars, one luminous red nova, and one intermediate-luminosity red transient. We define a control sample of all optically discovered transients recovered in SPIRITS galaxies and satisfying the same selection criteria. The control sample consists of eight CCSNe and one Type Iax SN. We find that 7 of the 13 CCSNe in the SPIRITS sample have lower bounds on their extinction of 2<A_V_<8. We estimate a nominal fraction of CCSNe in nearby galaxies that are missed by optical surveys as high as 38.5_-21.9_^+26.0^% (90% confidence). This study suggests that a significant fraction of CCSNe may be heavily obscured by dust and therefore undercounted in the census of nearby CCSNe from optical searches.2019ApJ...886...40Jhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/886/40CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/469/355 : Teff, B-V and BC relation (Flower, 1996)J/AJ/126/1607 : IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample (Sanders+, 2003)J/A+A/465/71 : 21cm observations of 452 galaxies (Theureau+, 2007)J/ApJ/705/1364 : MIR catalog of point sources in M33 (Thompson+, 2009)J/MNRAS/408/181 : CN2002ch UBVRI and ugriz light curves (Pastorello+, 2010)J/PASP/122/1397 : Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Gal. (Sheth+, 2010)J/ApJ/743/118 : BVRIJHK phot. of the 2008 OT in NGC 300 (Humphreys+, 2011)J/A+A/532/A104 : Hubble flow around Fornax cluster (Nasonova+, 2011)J/ApJ/771/59 : Surface brightness of S4G face-on gal. (Munoz-Mateos+, 2013)J/AJ/146/86 : Cosmicflows-2 catalog (Tully+, 2013)J/ApJ/788/L21 : Measured photometry of SN 2014J from HST (Amanullah+, 2014)J/MNRAS/444/527 : Tully-Fisher distances for Spitzer galaxies (Sorce+, 2014)J/A+A/584/A62 : SUDARE VST-OmegaCAM search SN rates (Cappellaro+, 2015)J/ApJ/826/56 : HST/WFC3 obs. of Cepheids in SN Ia host gal. (Riess+, 2016)J/ApJ/834/107 : Follow-up photometry of M101 OT2015-1 (Blagorodnova+, 2017)J/ApJ/839/88 : 14 unusual IR transients with Spitzer (Kasliwal+, 2017)J/ApJS/228/5 : Spitzer phot. of ~1million stars in M31 & M15 (Khan, 2017)J/ApJ/866/87 : VLA 22GHz water masers obs. in NGC6334I-MM1 (Brogan+, 2018)J/ApJ/861/63 : Type IIP SN 2016bkv LCs and spectra (Hosseinzadeh+, 2018)J/ApJ/853/62 : Optical & NIR spectra and LCs of SN2016ija (Tartaglia+, 2018)J/ApJ/877/110 : SPIRITS cat. of IR long period variables (Karambelkar+, 2019)J/ApJS/241/38 : A comprehensive analysis of Spitzer SNe (Szalai+, 2019)J/A+A/623/A173 : SNe/SNRs in starburst galaxy Arp 220 (Varenius+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/886/40https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/886/40http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/886/40https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/886/40https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/886/40http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/886/40GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/886/40/trans (Luminous, IR-discovered (Table 1) and optically discovered and classified (Table 2) SPIRITS transients)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/886/40/trans?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/886/40/trans?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/886/40/trans?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true94.1133333-21.37477780.0055555555555555566/5715 5966 5995 7606 8256 10977 10986 13522 15593 20875 26303 27767 27861 27938 28035 28167 33958 34361 34531 38655 43262 44718https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/886/40?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/886/40/transLuminous, IR-discovered (Table 1) and optically discovered and classified (Table 2) SPIRITS transientsSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharMTypeHost typemeta.noterecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameName of the transient (only for Table 2)meta.idcharSPIRITSSPIRITS namemeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryDiscIR-discovered (Table 1) or Optically discovered (Table 2) transientsmeta.codecharf_SPIRITSFlag on SPIRITS name (1)meta.codecharRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainHostHost namemeta.id.parentcharm-M[27.7/32.8] Distance modulusmagphot.mag.distModfloate_m-M[0.05/0.4] m-M uncertaintymagstat.errorfloatr_m-MReference for m-M (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharDist[3.5/36] DistanceMpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatE(B-V)[0.01/0.3] Reddening E(B-V) (3)magphot.color.excessfloatu_Av[<~ ] Uncertainty flag on Avmeta.code.errorcharAv[0/4.3]? Dust extinction (only for Table 2)magphys.absorptionfloatnullabler_Av? Reference for host extinction estimates (4)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableDateDate of discovery (UT)time.epochnullablef_DateFlag on Date (5)meta.codecharr_Date? Reference for SN discovery (6)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableSep[3.7/154.1] Host offset in arcsecarcsecpos.angDistancefloatPSep[0.1/17] Host offset in kpckpcpos.distancefloatTypeSource type (only for Table 2)src.classcharr_TypeReferences for SN classification (6)meta.notecharNiracNumber of Spitzer/IRAC photometry measurements for this transient (link to Table 3)meta.numberintnullableNpNumber of supplementary photometry measurements for this transient (link to Table 4)meta.numberintnullableNspNumber of spectroscopic observations for this transient (link to Table 5)meta.numberintnullableNspIRNumber of NIR sp. measurements for this transient (link to Fig 4)meta.numberintnullableNspOptNumber of optical sp. measurements for this transient (link to Fig 3)meta.numberintnullableLCirIRAC LC interactive plotmeta.ref.urlcharLCgriJHKs LC interactive plotmeta.ref.urlcharSpIRNIR spectrum interactive plotmeta.ref.urlcharSpOptical spectrum interactive plotmeta.ref.urlcharNEDNED column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/886/40/table3Spitzer/IRAC photometry for 18 luminous, IR transients in SPIRITSrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameName of objectmeta.idcharSPIRITSSPIRITS namemeta.id;meta.maincharMJD[53166.2/58402.8] Modified Julian Date (JD-2400000.5)dtime.epochfloatPhase[-4720.4/1451.3] Time since t_0 (1)dtime.phasefloatFnu3.6[2.5/919]? Flux at [3.6] in microJy (2)uJyphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_Fnu3.6[0.8/26]? Uncertainty in Fnu3.6 (2)uJystat.errorfloatnullableFnu4.5[3/3343]? Flux at [4.5] in microJy (2)uJyphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_Fnu4.5[0.9/62]? Uncertainty in Fnu4.5 (2)uJystat.errorfloatnullableomag3.6[13.7/20.1]? Observed magnitude at [3.6] (2)magphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_omag3.6[0.01/0.3]? Uncertainty in omag3.6 (2)magstat.errorfloatnullableomag4.5[11.8/19.5]? Observed magnitude at [4.5] (2)magphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_omag4.5[0/0.2]? Uncertainty in omag4.5 (2)magstat.errorfloatnullable3.6Mag[-17.2/-9.3]? Absolute magnitude at [3.6]magphys.magAbsfloatnullable4.5Mag[-18.3/-9.8]? Absolute magnitude at [4.5]magphys.magAbsfloatnullableJ/ApJ/886/40/table4Supplementary photometryrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSPIRITSSPIRITS namemeta.id;meta.maincharMJD[55545.2/58448.6] Modified Julian Date (JD-2400000.5)dtime.epochfloatPhase[-2517/1053.4] Time since t_0 (1)dtime.phasefloatInstInstrument or Observermeta.id;instrcharFiltFilter (1)meta.id;instr.filtercharomag[15/22.6] Observed Magnitude in Filt (2)magphot.magfloate_omag[0/0.5]? Uncertainty in omag (2)magstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableABMag[-16.2/-8.8] Absolute magnitude corrected for Galactic extinction onlymagphys.magAbsfloatJ/ApJ/886/40/table5Spectroscopic observationsResResolutionpos.angResolutioncharTelTelescope/Instrumentmeta.notecharPhase[9.3/394.2] Phasedtime.phasefloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSPIRITSSPIRITS namemeta.id;meta.maincharDateDate of observation (UT)time.epochnullableMJD[57095.1/58242.4] Modified Julian Datedtime.epochfloatRangeWavelength range in {AA}0.1nmem.wlcharExpIntegration timestime.epochcharJ/ApJ/886/40/fig3Optical spectra of SPIRITS transientsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSPIRITSSPIRITS namemeta.id;meta.maincharTel/instTelescope and InstrumentinstrcharDateUT date or lower range of date of observationtime.epochnullableindexedlambdaWavelength (observer frame) in {AA}0.1nmem.wldoubleFlam? Flux density (observer frame) in erg/s/cm^2^/{AA}cW.m**-2.nm**-1phot.flux.densitydoublenullableJ/ApJ/886/40/fig4Near-infrared spectra of SPIRITS transientsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSPIRITSSPIRITS namemeta.id;meta.maincharTel/instTelescope and InstrumentinstrcharDateUT date or lower range of date of observationtime.epochnullableindexedDate2Upper range of UT date of observation (only for fig4)time.epoch;stat.maxnullablelambdaWavelength (observer frame) in {AA}0.1nmem.wldoubleFlam? Flux density (observer frame) in erg/s/cm^2^/{AA}cW.m**-2.nm**-1phot.flux.densitydoublenullable