J/ApJ/884/4ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/884/4doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18840004CDSKeown J.Di Francesco J.Rosolowsky E.Singh A.Figura C.Kirk H.,Anderson L.D.Chen M.C.-Y.Elia D.Friesen R.Ginsburg A.Marston A.,Pezzuto S.Schisano E.Bontemps S.Caselli P.Liu H.-L.Longmore S.,Motte F.Myers P.C.Offner S.S.R.Sanhueza P.Schneider N.Stephens I.,Urquhart J. (The KEYSTONE Collaboration)2022-10-05T07:18:42Z2021-04-13T07:46:43ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frinterstellar-mediummolecular-cloudsgalaxy-kinematicssurveysradio-astronomyinfrared-sourcesWe present initial results from the K-band Focal Plane Array Examinations of Young STellar Object Natal Environments survey (KEYSTONE), a large project on the 100m Green Bank Telescope mapping ammonia emission across 11 giant molecular clouds at distances of 0.9-3.0kpc (Cygnus X North, Cygnus X South, M16, M17, Mon R1, Mon R2, NGC 2264, NGC 7538, Rosette, W3, and W48). This data release includes the NH_3_ (1,1) and (2,2) maps for each cloud, which are modeled to produce maps of kinetic temperature, centroid velocity, velocity dispersion, and ammonia column density. Median cloud kinetic temperatures range from 11.4+/-2.2K in the coldest cloud (Mon R1) to 23.0+/-6.5K in the warmest cloud (M17). Using dendrograms on the NH_3_ (1,1) integrated intensity maps, we identify 856 dense gas clumps across the 11 clouds. Depending on the cloud observed, 40%-100% of the clumps are aligned spatially with filaments identified in H2 column density maps derived from spectral energy distribution fitting of dust continuum emission. A virial analysis reveals that 523 of the 835 clumps (~63%) with mass estimates are bound by gravity alone. We find no significant difference between the virial parameter distributions for clumps aligned with the dust-continuum filaments and those unaligned with filaments. In some clouds, however, hubs or ridges of dense gas with unusually high mass and low virial parameters are located within a single filament or at the intersection of multiple filaments. These hubs and ridges tend to host water maser emission, multiple 70{mu}m detected protostars, and have masses and radii above an empirical threshold for forming massive stars.2019ApJ...884....4Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/884/4CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/jcmt : Jame Clerk Maxwell Telescope Science Archive (CADC, 2003)VI/139 : Herschel Observation Log (Herschel Science Centre, 2013)J/AJ/114/198 : The Monoceros R2 Cluster (Carpenter+ 1997)J/A+A/437/467 : VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars (Evans+, 2005)J/AJ/129/393 : UBV photometry in W3 (Oey+, 2005)J/ApJ/625/891 : Clumps in NGC 7538 at 450 and 850{mu}m (Reid+, 2005)J/A+A/432/369 : Leiden Atomic and Molecular Database (LAMDA) (Schoeier+, 2005)J/ApJ/646/1009 : Structures of dust in Perseus molecular cloud (Kirk+, 2006)J/A+A/476/1243 : Millimeter continuum mapping of Cygnus X (Motte+, 2007)J/A+A/487/993 : MAMBO Mapping of c2d Clouds and Cores (Kauffmann+, 2008)J/ApJ/675/464 : Chandra observations of NGC 2244 (Wang+, 2008)J/AJ/138/963 : Rotation of NGC 2264 members (Baxter+, 2009)J/ApJ/696/1278 : The extended star-forming environment of M17 (Povich+, 2009)J/ApJS/188/123 : The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey. II. (Rosolowsky+, 2010)J/A+A/515/A42 : Catalog of high extinction clouds (Rygl+, 2010)J/A+A/527/A135 : Massive Dense Cores in Cygnus-X (Csengeri+, 2011)J/ApJ/741/110 : The BGPS. VII. Massive star-forming regions (Dunham+, 2011)J/A+A/530/A118 : G29.96-0.02 and G35.20-1.74 1mm and 3mm maps (Pillai+, 2011)J/ApJ/743/39 : Spitzer obs. of W3 molecular cloud (Rivera-Ingraham+, 2011)J/MNRAS/418/1689 : Red MSX water maser and ammonia emissions (Urquhart+, 2011)J/A+A/543/A101 : OB stars in Cygnus OB2 association (Comeron+, 2012)J/MNRAS/426/1972 : H_2_O Southern Gal. Plane Survey, HOPS. II (Purcell+, 2012)J/A+A/544/A146 : ATLASGAL cold high-mass clumps with NH_3_ (Wienen+, 2012)J/ApJS/208/14 : BGPS. IX. Data release 2. (Ginsburg+, 2013)J/A+A/570/A1 : Cygnus-X CO and SiO outflows datacubes (Duarte-Cabral+, 2014)J/AJ/148/11 : Infrared photometry in Cygnus-X (Kryukova+, 2014)J/MNRAS/443/3218 : NGC 7538 IRS 1-3 and IRS 9 sources (Mallick+, 2014)J/ApJ/794/124 : Young star forming reg NGC2264 Spitzer sources (Rapson+, 2014)J/ApJ/786/29 : Catalog of distances to molecular clouds (Schlafly+, 2014)J/A+A/584/A91 : Cat. of dense cores in Aquila from Herschel (Konyves+, 2015)J/A+A/575/A9 : M17-SW datacubes in C and CO lines (Perez-Beaupuits+, 2015)J/AJ/150/191 : IR photometry of YSOs in Cygnus-X DR15 (Rivera-Galvez+, 2015)J/MNRAS/452/4029 : RMS survey (Urquhart+, 2015)J/A+A/591/A5 : ATLASGAL dense filamentary structures (Li+, 2016)J/MNRAS/459/342 : Dense cores in Taurus L1495 cloud (Marsh+, 2016)J/ApJ/824/29 : ATLASGAL clumps with IRAS flux & MALT90 data (Stephens+, 2016)J/ApJ/822/59 : BGPS. XIV. Molecular cloud clumps GBT obs. (Svoboda+, 2016)J/ApJ/846/144 : Virial analysis of the dense cores in Orion A (Kirk+, 2017)J/A+A/607/A22 : Monoceros R2 filament hub FIR observations (Rayner+, 2017)J/A+A/602/A77 : HOBYS: 46 MDCs found in NGC 6334 (Tige+, 2017)J/A+A/615/A125 : Molecular cloud in Corona Australis (Bresnahan+, 2018)J/ApJS/237/27 : Radio Ammonia Mid-plane pilot survey (RAMPS) (Hogge+, 2018)J/A+A/625/A134 : NGC 6357 massive dense cores (Russeil+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/884/4https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/884/4http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/884/4https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/884/4https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/884/4http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/884/4GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/884/4/gmcs (KEYSTONE giant molecular cloud statistics (Tables 1 and 6))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/884/4/gmcs?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/884/4/gmcs?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/884/4/gmcs?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true35.8422561.604842220.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/884/4/leaves (Leaves catalog (Tables 4 and 5))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/884/4/leaves?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/884/4/leaves?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/884/4/leaves?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true36.541561.09640.0055555555555555565/912 6/14311 14316-14317 14665-14668 14670-14671 14682 14689 14692-14693 14704 21447 21458 22243 22249 22252 23637 23639 23644 23646 29113 29115-29116 29118 29463 29506 30311 30317 30319 30322 30328https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/884/4?format=asciiInfraredRadiodefaultJ/ApJ/884/4/gmcsKEYSTONE giant molecular cloud statistics (Tables 1 and 6)SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000) (1)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRegionRegion identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000) (1)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainnullableDist[0.9/3] Distancekpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatnullablee_Dist[0.1/0.5]? Dist uncertaintykpcstat.errorfloatnullabler_DistReference(s) for Dist (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharMassH2[4900/1.4e+06] Total mass (3)solMassphys.massdoublenullableAreaH2[140/8800] Total area (3)pc**2phys.areadoublenullableNtile[5/43] Number of footprint observed; each footprint is 10'x10'meta.numberintnullablen_Ntile[+] +: a partially completed tile was also observed in that regionmeta.notecharComp[31/100] Completeness (4)meta.noteintnullableNlNumber of leaves for this region (link to Tables4+5)meta.numberintnullableTmed[11.4/23] Median kinetic gas temperature (5)Kphys.temperature;stat.medianfloate_Tmed[2.2/6.5] Tmed uncertaintyKstat.errorfloatSigmed[0.2/0.7] Median velocity dispersion (5)km/sphys.veloc.dispersion;stat.medianfloate_Sigmed[0.1/0.3] Sigmed uncertaintykm/sstat.errorfloatNps[9/130] Number of protostars identified (6)meta.numberintArea[1.9/137.6] Area of map (6)pc**2phys.area;obs.fieldfloatMass[303/55013] Total mass (6)solMassphys.massintTotl[12/194] Total number of ammonia leaves with mass estimates identified in cloudmeta.numberintfFil[0.35/1] Fraction of total leaves that are on-filamentmeta.numberfloatfProto[0.17/0.58] Fraction of total leaves that are protostellarmeta.numberfloatfBound[0.34/0.89] Fraction of total leaves that are bound ({alpha}_vir_<2)meta.numberfloatJ/ApJ/884/4/leavesLeaves catalog (Tables 4 and 5)RegionRegion identifiermeta.id.part;meta.mainchare_sigma[0/0.3] Uncertainty in sigmakm/sstat.errorfloatlogOmeG[42.1/48]? log of gravitational energy density (log|{Omega}_G_|) in erg units (7)log(1e-07J)phys.energy.densityfloatnullablelogOmeK[42.5/47.4]? log of kinetic energy density (log{Omega}_K_) in erg units (7)log(1e-07J)phys.energy.densityfloatnullablelogOmePw[42.6/47.3]? log of cloud weight pressure energy density (log|{Omega}_Pw_|) in erg units (7)log(1e-07J)phys.energy.densityfloatnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintLeaf[0/199] Leaf identifiermeta.id.part;meta.mainintRAJ2000[34.5/349.4] Mean Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-16.7/62.3] Mean Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainPA[45/225] Position angle of major axis (1)degpos.posAngintMajAxis[8.1/61.1] Major axis (2)arcsecphys.angSizefloatMinAxis[3.8/37.4] Minor axis (2)arcsecphys.angSize;srcfloatReff[0.07/1] Effective radius (3)pcphys.size.radiusfloatE_Reff[0/0.98] Upper uncertainty in Reffpcstat.error;stat.maxfloate_Reff[0/0.64] Lower uncertainty in Reffpcstat.errorfloatMobs[1.3/4451.6]? Observed leaf mass (4)solMassphys.massfloatnullableMclip[0.1/2672]? Leaf lower mass limit from "clipping" techniquesolMassphys.massfloatnullableTK[9.1/36] Average kinetic gas temperatureKphys.temperature;stat.meanfloate_TK[0.2/5] Uncertainty in TKKstat.errorfloatsigma[0.1/1.72] NH_3_ velocity dispersionkm/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloatVLSR[-59.2/47.8] NH_3_ (1,1) centroid LSR velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatlogNH3[13.1/15.5] log para-NH_3_ column densitylog(cm**-2)phys.columnDensityfloatlogH2[21/22.8]? Median log H_2_ column density (5)log(cm**-2)phys.columnDensity;stat.medianfloatnullableaVir[0.16/69.3]? Virial parameter ({alpha}_vir_) defined as M_vir_/M_obs_phys.mass;arith.ratiofloatnullableMVir[3/1940] Virial mass (M_vir_) (6)solMassphys.massfloatsignt[0.07/1.8] Non-thermal component of velocity dispersion ({sigma}_nt_)km/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloatlogOmePt[44.3/48.2]? log of turbulent pressure energy density (log|{Omega}_Pt_|) in erg units (8)log(1e-07J)phys.energy.densityfloatnullableOnFilLeaf is on-filamentmeta.codecharHubLeaf is a hubmeta.codecharNps[0/9] Number of 70um point sources within boundarymeta.numberintBad[0/0.6] Fraction of leaf pixels (9)meta.numberfloat