J/ApJ/883/58ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/883/58doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18830058CDSDekany I.Hajdu G.Grebel E.K.Catelan M.2021-10-13T11:49:13Z2021-03-22T13:40:46ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frvariable-starsinfrared-photometrysurveysgalaxy-planesmilky-way-galaxyextinctionstellar-distanceThe far side of the Milky Way's disk is one of the most concealed parts of the known universe due to extremely high interstellar extinction and point-source density toward low Galactic latitudes. Large time-domain photometric surveys operating in the near-infrared hold great potential for the exploration of these vast uncharted areas of our Galaxy. We conducted a census of distant classical and type II Cepheids along the southern Galactic midplane using near-infrared photometry from the VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea survey. We performed a machine-learned classification of the Cepheids based on their infrared light curves using a convolutional neural network. We have discovered 640 distant classical Cepheids with up to ~40mag of visual extinction and over 500 type II Cepheids, most of them located in the inner bulge. Intrinsic color indices of individual Cepheids were predicted from sparse photometric data using a neural network, allowing their use as accurate reddening tracers. They revealed a steep, spatially varying near-infrared extinction curve toward the inner bulge. Type II Cepheids in the Galactic bulge were also employed to measure robust mean selective-to-absolute extinction ratios. They trace a centrally concentrated spatial distribution of the old bulge population with a slight elongation, consistent with earlier results from RR Lyrae stars. Likewise, the classical Cepheids were utilized to trace the Galactic warp and various substructures of the Galactic disk and uncover significant vertical and radial age gradients of the thin disk population at the far side of the Milky Way.2019ApJ...883...58Dhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/883/58CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/vsx : AAVSO International Variable Star Index VSX (Watson+, 2006-2014)II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)II/337 : VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea Survey DR1 (Saito+, 2012)I/349 : StarHorse, Gaia DR2 photo-astrometric distances (Anders+, 2019)II/364 : VIRAC. The VVV Infrared Astrometric Catalogue (Smith+, 2019)II/366 : ASAS-SN catalog of variable stars (Jayasinghe+, 2018-2020)J/A+A/397/133 : Star-forming complexes in the Galaxy (Russeil+, 2003)J/AJ/128/2239 : JHKs photometry of 92 LMC Cepheids (Persson+, 2004)J/MNRAS/370/1979 : JHKs phot. of T2Cs in globular clusters (Matsunaga+, 2006)J/A+A/475/1159 : Supervised classif. of variable stars (Debosscher+, 2007)J/ApJS/193/12 : JHK photometry of Northern Galactic Cepheids (Monson+, 2011)J/ApJS/203/32 : Machine-learned ASAS Classif. Cat. (MACC) (Richards+, 2012)J/MNRAS/434/2238 : Cepheids in open clusters (Anderson+, 2013)J/MNRAS/432/3349 : Galactic star clusters structural param. (Camargo+, 2013)J/MNRAS/429/385 : Short-period variables near the GC (Matsunaga+, 2013)J/A+A/566/A37 : Iron abundances for 42 Galactic Cepheids (Genovali+, 2014)J/A+A/569/A125 : Spiral structure of the Milky Way (Hou+, 2014)J/A+A/584/A2 : KMOS view of the Gal. centre. I. (Feldmeier-Krause+, 2015)J/A+A/576/A30 : NIR LC templates for classical Cepheids (Inno+, 2015)J/AJ/149/117 : LMC infrared survey. I. Phot. of Cepheids (Macri+, 2015)J/AcA/65/297 : OGLE4 LMC and SMC Cepheids (Soszynski+, 2015)J/AJ/153/154 : LMC NIR survey. IV. Type II Cepheids (Bhardwaj+, 2017)J/A+A/605/A100 : VVV survey Galactic Bulge Pop. II Cepheids (Bhardwaj+, 2017)J/AcA/67/297 : OGLE Galactic center Cepheids & RR Lyrae (Soszynski+, 2017)J/A+A/619/A51 : Type II Cepheids in the Galactic bulge (Braga+, 2018)J/ApJS/237/28 : WISE catalog of periodic variable stars (Chen+, 2018)J/ApJ/857/54 : JHKs photometry of VVV RR Lyrae stars (Dekany+, 2018)J/AJ/156/171 : Cepheid abund.: multiphase results & gradients (Luck, 2018)J/AcA/68/315 : OGLE Galactic Cepheids (Udalski+, 2018)J/A+A/616/L15 : Parallaxes and Proper Motions of OB stars (Xu+, 2018)J/A+A/625/A14 : Reclassification of Cepheids in the Gaia DR2 (Ripepi+, 2019)J/other/Sci/365.478 : Milky Way classical Cepheids sample (Skowron+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/883/58https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/883/58http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/883/58https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/883/58https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/883/58http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/883/58GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/883/58/cepheids (Cepheid parameters (Table 4), mean color indices (Table 7) and distances and Ks-band extinctions (Table 8))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/883/58/cepheids?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/883/58/cepheids?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/883/58/cepheids?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true175.053875-62.14138890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/883/58/table1 (Classifier training set of classical and type II Cepheids)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/883/58/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/883/58/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/883/58/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true119.5920364-29.13009310.0055555555555555564/1800-1801 1804 2653 5/7179 7183 7209 7211-7213 7224-7225 7228-7229 7231 7272 10413 10417 10420 10439 10441-10442 10444 10450-10451 10453 10542-10543 10553 10556 10595 10598-10599 10609-10611 10624 6/1836 3000 3005 3361 12934 12971 13201 13288 13309 13933 14047 14262 14323 15633 15698 22219 23622 28687 28707-28708 28710-28714 28721-28725 28727-28728 28730-28731 28747 28768 28771 28773 28776 28778-28780 28784 28794 28797 28832-28833 28835 28841 28843 28856-28857 28859 28861-28863 28880 28882 28885 28887 28889-28891 28893-28895 28905-28910 28920-28921 28923 29032 29081 29095-29096 29098 29201 29204 29216 29248-29249 29255 29264-29265 29273 29665 29897 30128 30258 30322 30333 30646 33052 33054 33073 33076-33078 33094-33095 33098 33106 33113 33120-33121 33124 33126-33127 33295 33306 33317 33804 37303 37674 37867 37870 37888 37893 37895 37901 37904-37905 37930-37931 38022 38049 39232 39244 39766 39771 39790 39933 41461 41470 41594-41595 41597-41599 41630-41631 41646 41651 41656-41658 41660-41661 41666-41667 41673-41677 41679 41684-41685 41687-41689 41696 41700 41722 41742 41755 41761 41763 41772-41773 41775 41780-41781 41784 41788 41797-41799 41808 41810-41811 41816-41817 41819-41821 41824-41825 41856 41862 42154 42157-42159 42166-42167 42201 42206-42207 42209 42211 42216-42218 42222 42228-42230 42346-42347 42350 42366 42377-42379 42387-42388 42390-42391 42400-42402 42404 42416-42417 42420-42421 42432 42434-42435 42468 42480 42485 42500-42501 42503 42512 42515-42516 42560 43012-43014 43016-43017 43019 43021 43023-43024 430428.643406281242892e-20 9.976379296888241e-20https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/883/58?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/883/58/cepheidsCepheid parameters (Table 4), mean color indices (Table 7) and distances and Ks-band extinctions (Table 8)LCInteractive LC plotmeta.ref.urlcharSeq[1/1294] Object identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintprimaryrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNpNumber of photometry measurements for this Cepheid (link to Table 5)meta.numberintnullableRA_ICRS[11/18] Hour of Right ascension (ICRS)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRS[19/64] Degree of Declination (ICRS)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainClass[1/2] Classification (G1)meta.code.classintPeriod[3.8/40] Pulsation perioddtime.perioddoubleKsmag[10.5/16.1] Magnitude of intensity mean in VISTA Ks-bandmagphot.mag;em.IR.KfloatAp[1/5] Optimal photometric aperture; see Sect. 3.2phys.angSize;instr.fovintSNR[60.2/720] Signal-to-noise ratio in Ks-band light curvestat.snrfloatTotAmp[0.095/1.61] Total (peak-to-valley) amplitude of Ks-band light curvemagsrc.var.amplitudefloatOIDCross-references (1)meta.id.crosscharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ-Ks[0.018/7.514]? Mean VISTA J-Ks color indexmagphot.color;em.IR.J;em.IR.Kfloatnullablee_J-Ks[0.013/5.724]? Total error in <J-Ks>magstat.error;phot.color;em.IR.JfloatnullablenJep[0/6] Number of J epochs usedmeta.numberintH-Ks[0.15/3.915]? Mean VISTA H-Ks color indexmagphot.color;em.IR.H;em.IR.Kfloatnullablee_H-Ks[0.01/0.678]? Total error in <H-Ks>magstat.error;phot.color;em.IR.HfloatnullablenHep[0/5] Number of H epochs usedmeta.numberintd(JK)[1.79/166]? Heliocentric distance based on J,Ks photometrykpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatnullablee_d(JK)[0/3.8]? Statistical error in d (JK)kpcstat.errorfloatnullables_d(JK)[0.1/4.3]? Systematic error in d (JK)kpcstat.error.sysfloatnullableAK(JK)[0.16/3.8]? Absolute Ks-band extinction based on J,Ks photometrymagphys.absorptionfloatnullablee_AK(JK)[0.007/0.5]? Statistical error in AK (JK)magstat.errorfloatnullables_AK(JK)[0.006/0.2]? Systematic error in AK (JK)magstat.error;phot.magfloatnullabled(HK)[1.94/180]? Heliocentric distance based on H,Ks photometrykpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatnullablee_d(HK)[0.04/32]? Statistical error in d (HK)kpcstat.errorfloatnullables_d(HK)[0/8]? Systematic error in d (HK)kpcstat.error.sysfloatnullableAK(HK)[0.09/5.8]? Absolute Ks-band extinction based on H,Ks photometrymagphys.absorptionfloatnullablee_AK(HK)[0.015/1]? Statistical error in AK (HK)magstat.errorfloatnullables_AK(HK)[0.011/0.3]? Systematic error in AK (HK)magstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableJ/ApJ/883/58/table5Photometric time-series of the 1294 CepheidsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[1/1294] Object identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintFiltVISTA photometric passbandmeta.code;instr.filtercharHJD[55244.8/57637.6] Observation day; HJD-2400000.0dobs.param;obsdoubleindexedmag[10.17/19.8] Apparent magnitude in Filtmagphot.magfloate_mag[0.001/0.8] Statistical error in magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatZP[0.01/0.8] Zero point error in apparent magnitudemagstat.fit;arith.zpfloatJ/ApJ/883/58/table1Classifier training set of classical and type II CepheidsSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameObject identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharPeriod[3.82/39.3] Pulsation perioddtime.perioddoubleTotAmp[0.08/1.7] Total (peak-to-valley) amplitude of light curvemagsrc.var.amplitudefloatTypeCepheid type (1)meta.notecharRefPerReference code for the period (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharRefLCReference code for the light curve (2)meta.ref;pos.framechar_RAPositions from SIMBAD or from Table 4 of this catalog (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from SIMBAD or from Table 4 of this catalog (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main