J/ApJ/876/23ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/876/23doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18760023CDSGoda S.Matsuo T.2021-09-08T13:15:42Z2020-10-27T09:36:48ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetsstellar-massesmetallicityThere are two planetary formation scenarios: core accretion and gravitational disk instability. Based on the fact that gaseous objects are preferentially observed around metal-rich host stars, most extrasolar gaseous objects discovered to date are thought to have been formed by core accretion. Here, we present 569 samples of gaseous planets and brown dwarfs found in 485 planetary systems that span three mass regimes with boundary values at 4 and 25 Jupiter-mass masses through performing cluster analyses of these samples regarding the host-star metallicity, after minimizing the impact of the selection effect of radial-velocity measurement on the cluster analysis. The larger mass is thought to be the upper mass limit of the objects that were formed during the planetary formation processes. In contrast, the lower mass limit appears to reflect the difference between planetary formation processes around early-type and G-type stars; disk instability plays a greater role in the planetary formation process around early-type stars than that around G-type stars. Populations with masses between 4 and 25 Jupiter masses that orbit early-type stars comprise planets formed not only via the core-accretion process but also via gravitational disk instability because the population preferentially orbits metal-poor stars or is independent of the host-star metallicity. Therefore, it is essential to have a hybrid scenario for the planetary formation of the diverse systems.2019ApJ...876...23Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/876/23CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+AS/141/371 : Low-mass stars evolutionary tracks (Girardi+, 2000)J/A+A/398/363 : Statistical properties of exoplanets II (Santos+, 2003)J/ApJ/622/1102 : The planet-metallicity correlation. (Fischer+, 2005)J/ApJ/646/505 : Catalog of nearby exoplanets (Butler+, 2006)J/ApJ/654/625 : Radial velocities of 9 long-period objects (Wittenmyer+, 2007)J/A+A/487/373 : Spectroscopic parameters of 451 HARPS-GTO stars (Sousa+, 2008)J/A+A/505/1311 : Radial velocity curves of 11 UMa & HD 32518 (Dollinger+, 2009)J/A+A/507/1659 : Radial velocity measurements of 30 Ari B (Guenther+, 2009)J/A+A/530/A138 : Geneva-Copenhagen survey re-analysis (Casagrande+, 2011)J/A+A/556/A150 : SWEETCat I. Stellar parameters for host stars (Santos+, 2013)J/A+A/603/A30 : Evidence for two distinct giant planet pop. (Santos+, 2017)J/A+A/620/A58 : SWEET-Cat updated (Sousa+, 2018)J/ApJS/235/38 : Kepler planet cand. VIII. DR25 reliability (Thompson+, 2018)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/876/23https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/876/23http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/876/23https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/876/23https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/876/23http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/876/23GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/876/23/table1 (Planet parameters)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/876/23/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/876/23/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/876/23/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true185.179273317.79287190.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/876/23/table2 (Parameters of stars hosting 569 original samples and parameters of radial-velocity observations used in this paper)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/876/23/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/876/23/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/876/23/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true185.179273317.79287190.0055555555555555566/311 320 341 431 679 685 717 725 737 748 918 1061 1452 1544 1597 1770 1940 2043 2077 2110 2152 2254 2305 2312 2416 2472 2497 2577 2579 2636 2780 2971 3015 3118 3121 3296 3313 3350 3536 3569 3663 3876 3906 3932 3968 4082 4104 4136 4227 4255 4285 4298 4321 4428 4441 4444 4528 4574 4698 4699 4766 4867 4881 4913 5009 5067 5170 5309 5522 5556 5572 5667 5718 5815 6006 6078 6219 6237 6638 6791 6821 6831 7136 7162 7208 7240 7272 7402 7720 7746 7760 8210 8296 8357 8398 8477 8478 8602 8671 8700 8785 8843 8862 9061 9350 9403 9459 9483 9662 9753 9843 9893 9934 10027 10079 10278 10380 10407 10518 10662 11035 11087 11142 11267 11326 11352 11394 11473 11589 11699 11732 11910 12024 12030 12056 12082 12083 12146 12148 12186 12306 12465 12482 12502 12612 12644 12646 12655 12899 12944 13143 13423 13464 13643 13752 13808 14191 14275 14276 14284 14317 14329 14412 14416 14419 14434 14466 14516 14525 14548 14682 14744 14828 14839 14896 14918 14932 14957 15060 15126 15131 15174 15273 15310 15345 15683 15848 16035 16213 16627 16652 16667 16689 16707 16783 16823 16995 17266 17341 17496 17551 17587 17641 17731 17764 17881 17888 17954 18028 18172 18192 18441 18496 18569 18614 18666 18688 18821 18835 18953 19156 19619 19669 19815 19904 20072 20145 20206 20338 20557 20582 20746 20886 20973 21003 21221 21223 21326 21406 21531 21838 21906 21941 22015 22036 22237 22518 22590 22654 22837 22878 23030 23201 23322 23363 23414 23511 23540 23646 23681 24019 24178 24312 24330 24530 24713 25114 25135 25140 25401 25446 25466 25593 25766 25875 25939 26120 26183 26575 26657 26706 26707 26790 26901 26938 26978 26997 27018 27060 27164 27220 27616 27680 27682 27750 27881 27975 28044 28085 28103 28130 28274 28571 28763 28767 28779 28792 28865 29246 29520 29541 29589 30015 30116 30157 30170 30378 30419 30526 30541 30707 30770 31032 31428 31494 31606 31813 31860 31874 32027 32501 32561 32609 32643 32848 32930 33042 33182 33243 33258 33377 33430 33568 33630 33717 33923 33974 33998 34069 34390 34674 34773 34902 34905 34951 35079 35339 35362 35415 35442 35485 35532 35839 35907 35954 36069 36078 36092 36453 36506 36697 37018 37047 37119 37573 37955 38545 38728 38998 39257 39280 39364 39446 39500 39527 39591 39646 39675 39926 40066 40101 40220 40312 40400 40442 40513 40661 40938 40985 41167 41211 41432 41446 41515 41607 41627 41710 41724 42044 42101 42205 42221 42248 42281 42318 42333 42386 42510 42570 42760 42808 42934 43022 43203 43442 43639 43775 43813 43818 43840 43911 44223 44228 44243 44379 44398 44518 44740 45112 45168 45258 45364 45378 45489 45624 45682 45717 45865 46100 46111 46112 46215 46297 46306 46632 46678 46775 46800 46843 46967 47234 47453 47550 47590 47780 47930 48105 48108 48109 48178 48402 48519 48545https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/876/23?format=asciidefaultJ/ApJ/876/23/table1Planet parametersSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDPlanet identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharMajAxis[0.02/22] Semi-major axis (1)AUphys.size.smajAxisfloate_MajAxis[0/3.4] Uncertainty in MajAxisAUstat.error;phys.angSizefloatl_Msini[l] l=lower limit of companion mass was applied as that listed in Refmeta.code.errorcharMsini[0.3/103.1] Planet mass times sine of inclination(1.898187x10+27kg)phys.massfloate_Msini[0/28.7] Uncertainty in Msini(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.errorfloatK[3.1/6114]? Stellar velocity semi-amplitudem/sphys.veloc;src.orbitalfloatnullablee_K[0/1361]? Uncertainty in Km/sstat.errorfloatnullableP[1.3/39785] Orbital perioddtime.perioddoublee_P[0/6205] Uncertainty in Pdstat.errorfloate[0/0.97] Eccentricitysrc.orbital.eccentricityfloate_e[0/0.3] Uncertainty in estat.errorfloatBibCodeBibcode of referencemeta.bib.bibcodechar_RAPositions from SIMBAD host stars (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from SIMBAD host stars (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/876/23/table2Parameters of stars hosting 569 original samples and parameters of radial-velocity observations used in this paperSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDStar identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryNpNumber of planet for this star (link to Table 1)meta.numberintnullablef_[Fe/H]Flag on [Fe/H] (1)meta.codechar[Fe/H][-0.8/0.5] Metallicitylog(Sun)phys.abund.Zfloate_[Fe/H][0.01/0.2] Uncertainty in [Fe/H]log(Sun)stat.error;phys.abund.Fefloatf_MassFlag on Mass (1)meta.codecharMass[0.3/4.2] Stellar masssolMassphys.massfloate_Mass[0.02/1.5] Uncertainty in MasssolMassstat.error;phys.massfloatsigma[0.9/720]? Companion detection accuracy (2)m/sstat.errorfloatnullabletau[0.2/33]? Companion detection duration (2)yrtime.durationfloatnullableBibCodeBibcode referencemeta.bib.bibcodecharSWEETCatDisplay the SWEETCat data (Santos+, 2013, J/A+A/556/A150 and Sousa+, 2018, J/A+A/620/A58) within 3"meta.ref.urlintnullableC11Display data from the Geneva-Copenhagen catalog (Casagrande+, 2011, J/A+A/530/A138) within 3"meta.ref.urlintnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main