J/ApJ/875/29ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/875/29doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18750029CDSMartinez C.F.Cunha K.Ghezzi L.Smith V.V.2021-09-08T07:29:52Z2020-10-07T14:25:45ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frvisible-astronomyspectroscopystellar-radiieffective-temperatureexoplanetsWe present results from a quantitative spectroscopic analysis conducted on archival Keck/HIRES high-resolution spectra from the California-Kepler Survey (CKS) sample of transiting planetary host stars identified from the Kepler mission. The spectroscopic analysis was based on a carefully selected set of FeI and FeII lines, resulting in precise values for the stellar parameters of effective temperature (Teff) and surface gravity (logg). Combining the stellar parameters with Gaia DR2 parallaxes and precise distances, we derived both stellar and planetary radii for our sample, with a median internal uncertainty of 2.8% in the stellar radii and 3.7% in the planetary radii. An investigation into the distribution of planetary radii confirmed the bimodal nature of this distribution for the small-radius planets found in previous studies, with peaks at ~1.47+/-0.05 and ~2.72+/-0.10R_{Earth}_ with a gap at ~1.9R_{Earth}_. Previous studies that modeled planetary formation that is dominated by photoevaporation predicted this bimodal radii distribution and the presence of a radius gap, or photoevaporation valley. Our results are in overall agreement with these models, as well as core powered mass-loss models. The high internal precision achieved here in the derived planetary radii clearly reveal the presence of a slope in the photoevaporation valley for the CKS sample, indicating that the position of the radius gap decreases with orbital period; this decrease was fit by a power law of the form R_pl_{propto}P^-0.11^, which is consistent with both photoevaporation and core powered mass-loss models of planet formation, with Earth-like core compositions.2019ApJ...875...29Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/875/29CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVI/120 : High-resolution synthetic stellar library (Coelho+, 2005)V/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)I/347 : Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia DR2 (Bailer-Jones+, 2018)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/MNRAS/384/1178 : 2MASS, SDSS and BVRI photometry for 825 stars (Bilir+, 2008)J/other/Nat/486.375 : Stellar parameters of KOI stars (Buchhave+, 2012)J/ApJ/763/41 : Kepler multiple-candidate systems radii (Ciardi+, 2013)J/ApJ/767/95 : Improved parameters of smallest KIC stars (Dressing+, 2013)J/ApJ/771/107 : Spectroscopy of faint KOI stars (Everett+, 2013)J/ApJS/210/1 : Asteroseismic study of solar-type stars (Chaplin+, 2014)J/ApJS/211/2 : Revised properties of Q1-16 Kepler targets (Huber+, 2014)J/ApJ/810/95 : Kepler pipeline S/N studies. II. 2011 (Christiansen+, 2015)J/ApJ/799/180 : Radii of KOI Earth to Neptune-sized planets (Silburt+, 2015)J/MNRAS/452/2127 : Fundamental param. of Kepler stars (Silva Aguirre+, 2015)J/ApJS/225/32 : Extended abundance analysis of cool stars (Brewer+, 2016)J/ApJ/828/99 : Kepler pipeline signal recovery. III. (Christiansen+, 2016)J/AJ/151/144 : ASPCAP weights for APOGEE chemical elements (Garcia+, 2016)J/AJ/152/187 : Stellar metallicity for KOIs (Mulders+, 2016)J/AJ/154/109 : California-Kepler Survey. III. Planet radii (Fulton+, 2017)J/ApJ/844/102 : KIC star plx from asteroseismology vs Gaia (Huber+, 2017)J/AJ/154/108 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). II. (Johnson+, 2017)J/AJ/154/107 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). I. (Petigura+, 2017)J/ApJS/233/23 : APOKASC cat. of KIC dwarfs and subgiants (Serenelli+, 2017)J/AJ/153/136 : Planets & host stars with Gaia parallaxes (Stassun+, 2017)J/ApJ/866/99 : Radii of KIC stars & planets using Gaia DR2 (Berger+, 2018)J/ApJS/237/38 : Extended abundance analysis of KOIs (Brewer+, 2018)J/AJ/156/264 : CKS. VII. Planet radius gap (Fulton+, 2018)J/ApJ/860/109 : Keck HIRES obs. of subgiants (Ghezzi+, 2018)J/AJ/156/126 : Stellar param. & abund. from BACCHUS (Jonsson+, 2018)J/ApJS/239/32 : APOKASC-2 cat. of Kepler evolved stars (Pinsonneault+, 2018)J/ApJS/235/38 : Kepler planetary candidates. VIII. DR25 (Thompson+, 2018)http://california-planet-search.github.io/cks-website/ : The CKS home pagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/875/29https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/875/29http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/875/29https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/875/29https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/875/29http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/875/29GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/875/29/table1 (Stellar parameters and radii)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/875/29/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/875/29/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/875/29/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true284.059615844.51816360.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/875/29/table2 (Planetary radii)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/875/29/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/875/29/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/875/29/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true286.808491449.31641420.0055555555555555564/922 923 933 934 935 945 946 5/3645 3646 3647 3683 3704 3706 3729 3730 3731 3776 3777 3778 3788 3789 3792 6/14567 14573 14575 14578 14579 14730 14731 14738 14744 14746 14750 14751 14792 14794 14795 14828 14830 14914 14915 15040 15041 15043 15044 15045 15057 15059 15060 15061 15062 15116 15118 15119 15160 15172 15173 15174 15176 15178 15200 15232https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/875/29?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/875/29/table1Stellar parameters and radiiSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[1/1285] Internal index numbermeta.idintNameKepler Object Identifer (K-NNNNN; <KOI-NNNNN> in Simbad or KIC identifier)meta.idcharTeff[4559/6676] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveinte_Teff[11/311] Uncertainty in TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintlog(g)[2.5/5] log surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloate_log(g)[0.01/0.4] Uncertainty in log(g)log(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatVturb[0.2/4.8] Microturbulent velocitykm/sphys.velocfloate_Vturb[0.02/2.1] Uncertainty in Vtrubkm/sstat.errorfloatR*[0.4/16.3]? Stellar radiussolRadphys.size.radiusfloatnullablee_R*[0.01/35]? Uncertainty in R*solRadstat.errorfloatnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/875/29/table2Planetary radiirecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[1/1633] Internal index numbermeta.idintKOIPlanet identifier (KNNNNN.NN; <KOI-NNNNN.NN> in Simbad)meta.id;meta.maincharRp[0.38/63] Planetary radius(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloate_Rp[0.02/4]? Uncertainty in Rp(6.3781x10+6m)stat.errorfloatnullableCCatDisplay data from the CKS paper III (Fulton+, 2017, J/AJ/154/109) and VII (Fulton+, 2018, J/AJ/156/264)meta.ref.urlintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main