J/ApJ/864/136ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/864/136doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18640136CDSBinder B.A.Povich M.S.2019-11-11T22:00:00Z2019-09-26T08:58:24ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frh-ii-regionsstar-forming-regionsinfrared-photometryradio-continuum-emissionWe present a multiwavelength study of 28 Galactic massive star-forming HII regions. For 17 of these regions, we present new distance measurements based on Gaia DR2 parallaxes. By fitting a multicomponent dust, blackbody, and power-law continuum model to the 3.6{mu}m through 10mm spectral energy distributions, we find that ~34% of Lyman continuum photons emitted by massive stars are absorbed by dust before contributing to the ionization of HII regions, while ~68% of the stellar bolometric luminosity is absorbed and reprocessed by dust in the HII regions and surrounding photodissociation regions. The most luminous, infrared-bright regions that fully sample the upper stellar initial mass function (ionizing photon rates N_C_>=10^50^s^-1^ and dust-processed L_TIR_>=10^6.8^L_{sun}_) have on average higher percentages of absorbed Lyman continuum photons (~51%) and reprocessed starlight (~82%) compared to less luminous regions. Luminous HII regions show lower average polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fractions than less luminous regions, implying that the strong radiation fields from early-type massive stars are efficient at destroying PAH molecules. On average, the monochromatic luminosities at 8, 24, and 70{mu}m combined carry 94% of the dust-reprocessed L_TIR_. L70 captures ~52% of L_TIR_, and is therefore the preferred choice to infer the bolometric luminosity of dusty star-forming regions. We calibrate star formation rates (SFRs) based on L24 and L70 against the Lyman continuum photon rates of the massive stars in each region. Standard extragalactic calibrations of monochromatic SFRs based on population synthesis models are generally consistent with our values.2018ApJ...864..136Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/864/136CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVIII/64 : Westerhout's Catalogue of 82 Discrete Sources (Westerhout 1958)VII/216 : H-{alpha} emission regions in Southern Milky Way (Rodgers+ 1960)III/85 : Sixth Catalogue of Galactic Wolf-Rayet Stars (van der Hucht+ 1981)II/125 : IRAS catalogue of Point Sources, Version 2.0 (IPAC 1986)II/249 : WHAM Northern Sky Survey, V-1.1 (Haffner+, 2003)VI/139 : Herschel Observation Log (Herschel Science Centre, 2013)J/AJ/102/642 : UBV photometry in Westerlund 2 (Moffat+, 1991)J/ApJ/393/149 : W49N H2O maser outflow: distance and kinematics (Winn+, 1992)J/A+A/275/67 : Velocity Field of the outer Galaxy (Brand+ 1993)J/A+A/357/1020 : JHK photometry in NGC 6334 IV (Persi+, 2000)J/MNRAS/328/17 : Parkes Multi-Beam Pulsar Survey (Manchester+, 2001)J/A+A/397/213 : Galactic HII regions (Paladini+, 2003)J/A+A/397/133 : Star-forming complexes in the Galaxy (Russeil+, 2003)J/ApJ/598/375 : Chandra X-ray observations of NGC 2024 (Skinner+, 2003)J/ApJ/608/781 : NGC 6530 Chandra X-ray catalog (Damiani+, 2004)J/ApJ/607/904 : Chandra obs. of Trifid nebula (Rho+, 2004)J/ApJ/633/871 : Positions and photometry of HII knots in M51 (Calzetti+, 2005)J/AJ/129/2018 : RXTE scaled fluxes of eta Car (Corcoran+, 2005)J/A+A/438/1163 : Catalogue of Open Cluster Data (COCD) (Kharchenko+, 2005)J/A+A/430/941 : Star formation region NGC 6530 (Prisinzano+, 2005)J/A+A/457/265 : The VLT-FLAMES Survey of Massive Stars (Dufton+, 2006)J/A+A/450/253 : JHKL photometry of RCW57/NGC3576 (Maercker+, 2006)J/ApJ/648/987 : UV through far-IR analysis of M81 (Perez-Gonzalez+, 2006)J/ApJ/643/965 : Spitzer photometry of the Trifid nebula (M20) (Rho+, 2006)J/AJ/132/1100 : X-ray and IR sources in RCW 38 (Wolk+, 2006)J/A+A/462/245 : BVI photometry in NGC 6611 (Guarcello+, 2007)J/ApJ/665/1297 : X-ray sources around G12.82-0.02 (Helfand+, 2007)J/A+A/462/123 : VLT/Flames spectroscopic data of NGC 6530 (Prisinzano+, 2007)J/ApJS/168/100 : X-ray study of star-forming region NGC 6357 (Wang+, 2007)J/ApJ/675/1319 : Infrared photometry of NGC 3603 (Harayama+, 2008)J/ApJ/690/706 : Distances of Galactic HII regions (Anderson+, 2009)J/AJ/138/33 : VLT JHKs imaging of RCW 38 (Derose+, 2009)J/ApJ/703/1672 : Far-IR and H{alpha} fluxes in galaxies (Kennicutt+, 2009)J/ApJ/701/1965 : Radial dust properties of SINGS galaxies (Munoz-Mateos+, 2009)J/ApJ/696/1278 : The extended star-forming environment of M17 (Povich+, 2009)J/ApJ/714/1256 : Far-IR star formation rate indicators (Calzetti+, 2010)J/ApJ/715/506 : Aromatic inventory of the local volume (Marble+, 2010)J/ApJ/709/424 : HII regions identified with WMAPS and GLIMPSE (Murray+, 2010)J/A+A/515/A55 : NGC 6334-NGC 6357 complex (Russeil+, 2010)J/ApJ/719/1191 : Mid-IR indicators of SF and AGN in galaxies (Treyer+, 2010)J/ApJS/194/4 : Classification of CCCP X-ray sources (Broos+, 2011)J/ApJS/194/2 : Chandra Carina Complex Project (CCCP) catalog (Broos+, 2011)J/A+A/533/A119 : GOODS-Herschel North and South catalogs (Elbaz+, 2011)J/ApJS/194/5 : Carina OB stars in the CCCP catalog (Gagne+, 2011)J/ApJS/194/14 : A Pan-Carina YSO catalog (Povich+, 2011)J/A+A/526/A151 : Hi-Gal sources distance determination (Russeil+, 2011)J/ApJS/194/11 : Chandra study of Trumpler 15 in Carina (Wang+, 2011)J/ApJ/752/146 : Star forming complexes in Galactic WMAP sources (Lee+, 2012)J/ApJ/755/40 : HII regions in the Magellanic clouds (Pellegrini+, 2012)J/A+A/538/A142 : OB stars in NGC 6334 and NGC 6357 (Russeil+, 2012)J/A+A/552/A123 : Far-IR study of G29.96-0.02 (Beltran+, 2013)J/ApJS/209/32 : Probable young stars in the MYStIX project (Broos+, 2013)J/MNRAS/435/2003 : G305 star-forming complex in ^13^CO (Hindson+, 2013)J/ApJS/209/29 : MYStIX: Mid-IR observations and catalogs (Kuhn+, 2013)J/AJ/145/125 : Spectroscopy & HST photometry in Westerlund 2 (Vargas+, 2013)J/ApJ/787/108 : Age estimates for massive SFR stellar pop. (Getman+, 2014)J/A+A/572/A63 : Intensity maps in the star-forming complex W33 (Immer+, 2014)J/ApJS/213/1 : The MSFRs Omnibus X-ray Catalog (MOXC) (Townsley+, 2014)J/A+A/576/A33 : KINGFISH galaxy sample radial profile SED (Hunt+, 2015)J/ApJ/813/42 : O and B type stars in W3: first results (Kiminki+, 2015)J/ApJS/224/4 : GOSSS III. 142 additional O-type syst. (Maiz Apellaniz+, 2016)J/ApJ/831/73 : Galactic MCs associated with HII reg. (Vutisalchavakul+, 2016)J/A+A/589/A16 : Spectra of W49 massives young stars (Wu+, 2016)J/ApJ/838/61 : Candidate X-ray OB stars in MYStIX regions (Povich+, 2017)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/864/136https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/864/136http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/864/136https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/864/136https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/864/136http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/864/136GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/864/136/msfr (Monochromatic luminosities and SFRs of the massive star-forming region (tables 1 and 6))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/864/136/msfr?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/864/136/msfr?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/864/136/msfr?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true85.4635-1.85030.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/864/136/table8 (Photometry data for all massive star-forming regions)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/864/136/table8?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/864/136/table8?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/864/136/table8?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true83.82768-5.38750.0055555555555555566/3307 3649 14316 14317 14622 14644 21439 22855 28890 28913 29101 29116 29463 30219 30259 30262 30341 30618 30694 37343 37872 37884 37923 37924 38016 38026 41655 42172 42206 42456 424621.6300131079766582e-23 6.185923063528282e-20https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/864/136?format=asciiInfraredRadiodefaultJ/ApJ/864/136/msfrMonochromatic luminosities and SFRs of the massive star-forming region (tables 1 and 6)SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStar-forming region namemeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryGLONGalactic longitudedegpos.galactic.lonGLATGalactic latitudedegpos.galactic.latDist[0.3/11.4] Distancekpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloate_Dist[0.01/1.4]? Negative uncertainty on Distkpcstat.errorfloatnullableE_Dist[0.01/2.9]? Positive uncertainty on Distkpcstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullabler_Dist[1/12] Reference (1)meta.ref;pos.frameintSpTEarliest spectral type (2)src.spTypecharf_Name[a] Flag on Name (3)meta.codecharl_SFRLyCLimit flag on SFRLyC (3)meta.code.errorcharSFRLyC[0.007/10.4] Lyman continuum SFR (4)0.001solMass.yr**-1phys.SFRfloate_SFRLyC[0.005/2.3]? SFRLyC uncertainty0.001solMass.yr**-1stat.errorfloatnullableSFRtir[0.01/10.4] Total IR SFR (5)0.001solMass.yr**-1phys.SFRfloate_SFRtir[0.004/2.86] SFRtir uncertainty0.001solMass.yr**-1stat.errorfloatSFRrad[0.007/12.6]? Radio SFR0.001solMass.yr**-1phys.SFRfloatnullablee_SFRrad[0.003/6.53]? SFRrad uncertainty0.001solMass.yr**-1stat.errorfloatnullableSnu8um[280/34900] 8um flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umintL8[0.02/12.8] 8um luminosity1e+32Wphys.luminosity;em.IR.4-8umfloatL8/Ltir[0.06/0.53] L8 to L_TIR_ ratio (6)phys.luminosity;arith.ratiofloatSnu24um[1000/203640] 24um flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umintL24[0.03/28.4] 24um luminosity1e+32Wphys.luminosity;em.IR.15-30umfloatSFR24[0.01/10.4] 24um SFR0.001solMass.yr**-1phys.SFRfloatL24/Ltir[0.09/0.9] L24 to L_TIR_ ratio (6)phys.luminosity;arith.ratiofloatSnu70[360/632930] 70um flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umintL70[0.03/40.6] 70um luminosity1e+32Wphys.luminosity;em.IR.30-60umfloatSFR70[0.01/10.8] 70um SFR0.001solMass.yr**-1phys.SFRfloatL70/Ltir[0.08/0.7] L70 to L_TIR_ ratio (6)phys.luminosity;arith.ratiofloat_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedJ/ApJ/864/136/table8Photometry data for all massive star-forming regionsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStar-forming region identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharprimarym_NameMultiple component on Namemeta.code.multipcharGLONGalactic longitudedegpos.galactic.lonGLAT[-19.4/3.5] Galactic latitudedegpos.galactic.latF3.6[16/1680]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um band flux densityJyphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umintnullablee_F3.6[2/68]? Uncertainty in F3.6Jystat.errorintnullableF4.5[15/2120]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um band flux densityJyphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umintnullablee_F4.5[1/60]? Uncertainty in F4.5Jystat.errorintnullableF5.8[120/7160]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um band flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8umintnullablee_F5.8[4/200]? Uncertainty in F5.8Jystat.errorintnullableF8.0[210/24010]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um band flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umintnullablee_F8.0[3/720]? Uncertainty in F8.0Jystat.errorintnullableF8.28[23/16730]? MSX 8.28um band flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umintnullablee_F8.28[3/400]? Uncertainty in F8.28Jystat.errorintnullableF12.13[24/51810]? MSX 12.13um band flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umintnullablee_F12.13[4/790]? Uncertainty in F12.13Jystat.errorintnullableF14.65[120/51200]? MSX 14.65um band flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umintnullablee_F14.65[10/540]? Uncertainty in F14.65Jystat.errorintnullableF21.3[250/157460]? MSX 21.3um band flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umintnullablee_F21.3[20/880]? Uncertainty in F21.3Jystat.errorintnullableF12[570/52620]? IRAS 12um flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umintnullablee_F12[10/480]? Uncertainty in F12Jystat.errorintnullableF25[700/167110]? IRAS 25um flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umintnullablee_F25[10/860]? Uncertainty in F25Jystat.errorintnullableF60[360/664300]? IRAS 60um flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umintnullablee_F60[40/4580]? Uncertainty in F60Jystat.errorintnullableF100[510/784070]? IRAS 100um flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.60-100umintnullablee_F100[90/13360]? Uncertainty in F100Jystat.errorintnullableF70[310/633410]? Herschel/PACS 70um band flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umintnullablee_F70[210/154480]? Uncertainty in F70Jystat.errorintnullableF160[430/594240]? Herschel/PACS 160um band flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzintnullablee_F160[380/213200]? Uncertainty in F160Jystat.errorintnullableF250[130/223730]? Herschel/SPIRE 250um band flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzintnullablee_F250[110/14940]? Uncertainty in F250Jystat.errorintnullableF350[65/99860]? Herschel/SPIRE 350um band flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzintnullablee_F350[55/7060]? Uncertainty in F350Jystat.errorintnullableF500[22/35320]? Herschel/SPIRE 500um band flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzintnullablee_F500[17/2530]? Uncertainty in F500Jystat.errorintnullabler100[0.1/1.07]? Planck 100GHz aperture sizedegphys.angSize;em.mm.100-200GHz;instr.fovfloatnullabler70[0.2/1.07]? Planck 70GHz aperture sizedegphys.angSize;em.mm.50-100GHz;instr.fovfloatnullabler44[0.4/1.07]? Planck 44GHz aperture sizedegphys.angSize;em.mm.30-50GHz;instr.fovfloatnullabler30[0.5/1.07]? Planck 30GHz aperture sizedegphys.angSize;em.mm.30-50GHz;instr.fovfloatnullableF100GHz[6/210]? Planck 100GHz flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.50-100GHzintnullablee_F100GHz[1/50]? Uncertainty in F100GHzJystat.errorintnullableF70GHz[6/410]? Planck 70GHz flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.50-100GHzintnullablee_F70GHz[1/20]? Uncertainty in F70GHzJystat.errorintnullableF44GHz[9/390]? Planck 44GHz flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.30-50GHzintnullablee_F44GHz[1/20]? Uncertainty in F44GHzJystat.errorintnullableF30GHz[7/350]? Planck 30GHz flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.30-50GHzintnullablee_F30GHz[5/70]? Uncertainty in F30GHzJystat.errorintnullableSEDInfra-red SED plot of this regionmeta.ref.urlchar_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexed