J/ApJ/864/11ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/864/11doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18640011CDSMedina N.Borissova J.Bayo A.Kurtev R.Navarro Molina C.Kuhn M.,Kumar N.Lucas P.W.Catelan M.Minniti D.Smith L.C.2021-08-18T09:10:58Z2019-09-19T13:39:19ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fryoung-stellar-objectsvariable-starsinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomyh-alpha-photometrystellar-distanceTime-varying phenomena are one of the most substantial sources of astrophysical information, and their study has led to many fundamental discoveries in modern astronomy. We have developed an automated tool to search for and analyze variable sources in the near-infrared Ks band using the data from the VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) ESO Public Large Survey. This process relies on the characterization of variable sources using different variability indices calculated from time series generated with point-spread function (PSF) photometry of sources under analysis. In particular, we used two main indices, the total amplitude {Delta}Ks and the eta index {eta}, to identify variable sources. Once the variable objects are identified, periods are determined with generalized Lomb-Scargle periodograms and the information potential metric. Variability classes are assigned according to a compromise between comparisons with VVV templates and the period of the variability. The automated tool is applied on VVV tiles d001 and d002 and led to the discovery of 200 variable sources. We detected 70 irregular variable sources and 130 periodic ones. In addition, nine open-cluster candidates projected in the region are analyzed, and the infrared variable candidates found around these clusters are further scrutinized by cross-matching their locations against emission star candidates from VPHAS+ survey H{alpha} color cuts.2018ApJ...864...11Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/864/11CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/337 : VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea Survey DR1 (Saito+, 2012)II/341 : VPHAS+ DR2 survey (Drew+, 2016)II/348 : VISTA Variable in the Via Lactea Survey DR2 (Minniti+, 2017)J/ApJS/112/557 : Classification of IRAS Sources (Kwok+ 1997)J/A+AS/132/211 : Interstellar SiO sources (Harju+ 1998)J/AcA/48/35 : All Sky Automated Survey variable stars (Pojmamski 1998)J/AJ/121/3160 : JHK photom. near the Trapezium region (Carpenter+, 2001)J/ApJS/161/118 : byH{alpha} photometry in open clusters (McSwain+, 2005)J/A+A/492/277 : Analysis of Collinder 69 stars with VOSA (Bayo+, 2008)J/ApJ/696/870 : Catalina Real-time Transient Survey (CRTS) (Drake+, 2009)J/A+A/532/A131 : Galactic star clusters in VVV survey (Borissova+, 2011)J/A+A/525/A149 : Red MSX Survey (RMS): bol. fluxes of YSOs (Mottram+, 2011)J/MNRAS/416/817 : RV cat. of O-type stars in IC 2944 & Cen OB2 (Sana+, 2011)J/AJ/143/70 : Differential reddening in MW GCs (Alonso-Garcia+, 2012)J/A+A/545/A54 : Danks 1, Danks 2, and RCW 79 variables (Chene+, 2012)J/ApJS/208/11 : Red MSX Source Survey: massive protostars (Lumsden+, 2013)J/AJ/147/82 : Monitoring of disk-bearing stars in NGC 2264 (Cody+, 2014)J/MNRAS/440/2036 : VPHAS+ survey synthetic colours (Drew+, 2014)J/MNRAS/441/715 : Mid-infrared study of RR Lyrae stars (Gavrilchenko+, 2014)J/AJ/149/99 : VVV GCs. I. 2MASS-GC 02, Terzan 10 (Alonso-Garcia+, 2015)J/MNRAS/453/1026 : Lagoon Nebula M8 T tauri accretion rates (Kalari+, 2015)J/ApJ/810/L20 : VISTA KS photometry of EWS 2012-BLG-548 (Minniti+, 2015)J/MNRAS/450/4364 : H2 emission from massive YSOs survey (Navarete+, 2015)J/A+A/591/A145 : VVV Survey outer bulge RRab stars (Gran+, 2016)J/other/NewA/49.50 : New Variables in 3 Galactic open clusters (Palma+, 2016)J/MNRAS/465/3039 : Eruptive var. protostars from VVV EW (Contreras+, 2017)J/MNRAS/465/3011 : VVV high amp. NIR variable stars (Contreras Pena+, 2017)J/AJ/153/179 : VVV Survey RRLyrae in Southern Gal. plane (Minniti+, 2017)http://horus.roe.ac.uk/vsa/ : VISTA Science Archive home pagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/864/11https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/864/11http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/864/11https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/864/11https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/864/11http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/864/11GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/864/11/table4 (VPHAS+ r, (r-i) and (r-H{alpha}) magnitudes and colors of the YSO candidates)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/864/11/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/864/11/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/864/11/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true174.71433-63.487570.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/864/11/table5 (The VVV Variables (V^4^) catalog of the first two VVV disk tiles, namely d001 and d002)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/864/11/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/864/11/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/864/11/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true174.13270153-63.587792580.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/864/11/table3 (Basic information on the star cluster candidates in the region)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/864/11/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/864/11/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/864/11/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true174.74583-63.478330.0055555555555555565/9473 6/37891 37897 37900 43016 430187.952274030004205e-20 1.7798557115773645e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/864/11?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/864/11/table4VPHAS+ r, (r-i) and (r-H{alpha}) magnitudes and colors of the YSO candidatesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintANameAbbreviated cluster namemeta.id.parentcharIDYSO candidate identifier within ANamemeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[174.7/178.9] Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-64.4/-63.2] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainrmag[15.68/21.78] Photometric r band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloate_rmag[0.01/0.27] Uncertainty in rmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatr-i[0.67/2.18] The (r-i) color indexmagphot.color;em.opt.R;em.opt.Ifloate_r-i[0.007/0.138] Uncertainty in r-imagstat.error;phot.color;em.opt.Rfloatr-Ha[0.7/1.89] The (r-H{alpha}) color indexmagphot.color;em.opt.R;em.line.Halphafloate_r-Ha[0.007/0.159] Uncertainty in r-Hamagstat.errorfloatVVV2Display the VVV -DR2 data (II/348) within 0.2"meta.ref.urlcharVPHASDisplay the VPHAS data (II/341) within 0.1"meta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/864/11/table5The VVV Variables (V^4^) catalog of the first two VVV disk tiles, namely d001 and d002recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDVariable source identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[174.1/180.9] Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-64.6/-62.8] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainGLON[294.7/297.7] Galactic longitudedegpos.galactic.lonGLAT[-2.3/-1] Galactic latitudedegpos.galactic.latdoubleKsmagAvg[11.2/16.4] Average Ks magnitude of time-seriesmagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloate_KsmagAvg[0.01/0.3] Uncertainty in <Ksmag>magstat.errorfloatEpochs[25/55] Number of observationsmeta.numberintDelKs[0.2/3.3] Total photometric amplitude in Ks bandmagsrc.var.amplitudefloatJmag[13.6/19.1]? Photometric J band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_Jmag[0.004/0.1]? Uncertainty in Jmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableHmag[13.4/17.4]? Photometric H band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Hfloatnullablee_Hmag[0.003/0.07]? Uncertainty in Hmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableumag[12.8/21.2]? Photometric u band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Ufloatnullablee_umag[0.0005/0.2]? Uncertainty in umagmagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullablegmag[12/21.7]? Photometric g band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullablee_gmag[0.0003/0.2]? Uncertainty in gmagmagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullabler2mag[11.9/21.6]? Photometric r2 band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullablee_r2mag[0.0003/0.2]? Uncertainty in r2magmagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullablermag[11.9/21.4]? Photometric r band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullablee_rmag[0.0003/0.2]? Uncertainty in rmagmagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableimag[11.9/21.3]? Photometric i band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatnullablee_imag[0.0004/0.3]? Uncertainty in imagmagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableHamag[11.9/20.8]? Photometric H{alpha} band magnitudemagphot.flux;em.line.Halphafloatnullablee_Hamag[0.0005/0.3]? Uncertainty in Hamagmagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableeta[0.1/3.2] The {eta} variability indexmeta.code;src.var.indexfloatClassPreliminary classification (1)src.classcharTileName of VVV tile where source is foundobs.fieldcharPer[0.2/1423.2]? Perioddtime.perioddoublenullableAKs[0.1/0.4]? Ks band extinction using Nishiyama (2009ApJ...696.1407N)magphys.absorptiondoublenullableDist[3.6/14.8]? Distance from PL relations of RRab sourceskpcpos.distancefloatnullableCCDPosition in (H-Ks,J-H) color-color diagram (2)obs.imagecharBibCodeCatalog reference of documented sourcemeta.ref;pos.frame;meta.tablecharVVV2Display the VVV -DR2 data (II/348) within 0.2"meta.ref.urlcharVPHASDisplay the VPHAS data (II/341) within 0.1"meta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/864/11/table3Basic information on the star cluster candidates in the regionrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTileTile identifier (d001 or d002)obs.fieldcharNameCluster namemeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainGLONGalactic longitudedegpos.galactic.lonGLATGalactic latitudedegpos.galactic.latfloatRad[0.3/0.8] Radiusarcminphys.angSizefloate_Rad[0.07/0.2] Radius uncertaintyarcminstat.errorfloatE(J-K)[1/3.2] Color excessmagphot.color.excessfloate_E(J-K)[0.1/0.6] E(J-K) uncertaintymagstat.errorfloatf_E(J-K)a= Chene et al. (2013A&A...549A..98C)meta.codecharANameAbbreviated cluster name as in Table 4; column added by CDSmeta.idcharprimaryNysoNumber of YSO candidates for this cluster (link to Table 4)meta.numberintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar