J/ApJ/862/100ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/862/100doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18620100CDSGao H.Ho L.C.Barth A.J.Li Z.-Y.2019-11-27T13:18:36Z2019-08-22T14:14:54ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesphotometrygalaxy-classification-systemssurveysgalaxy-kinematicsUsing high-quality optical images from the Carnegie-Irvine Galaxy Survey, we perform multicomponent decompositions of S0 galaxies (S0s) to derive accurate structural parameters to constrain their physical origin. Many S0s do not host prominent bulges. S0s have a broad distribution of bulge-to-total ratios (B/T) and Sersic indices (n), with average values of B/T=0.34+/-0.15 and n=2.62+/-1.02, qualitatively consistent with the notion that S0s define a parallel sequence with and may have evolved from spiral galaxies. This is further reinforced by the incidence of bars and lenses in S0s, which, when compared with the statistics in spirals, supports the idea that lenses are demised bars. However, despite their wide range of prominence, the bulges of S0s form a surprisingly uniform sequence on both the Kormendy and fundamental plane relations. There is no evidence for population dichotomy or other indications of differentiation into classical and pseudo bulges. Most of the S0s reside in the field and in groups; cluster environment is not a necessary condition for S0 production. The properties of S0 bulges show little correlation with environmental indicators, after the dependence of galaxy stellar mass on environment is taken into account. As the bulges of late-type spirals and S0s are intrinsically different, and environmental effects that may account for such evolution appear to be minimal, we conclude that late- type spirals are not plausible progenitors of S0s. The bulges of S0s likely formed at an early epoch, after which secular processes contributed little to their subsequent evolution.2018ApJ...862..100Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/862/100CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVII/237 : HYPERLEDA. I. Catalog of galaxies (Paturel+, 2003)J/ApJ/542/673 : Morphological types of galaxies in clusters (Fasano+, 2000)J/AJ/136/773 : Structure of classical bulges & pseudobulges (Fisher+, 2008)J/MNRAS/393/1531 : BUDDA structural properties of galaxies (Gadotti+, 2009)J/ApJ/716/942 : Bulges of nearby galaxies with Spitzer (Fisher+, 2010)J/MNRAS/405/1089 : Photometric scaling for L/S0 galaxies (Laurikainen+ 2010)J/MNRAS/416/1680 : ATLAS3D project. VII. (Cappellari+, 2011)J/ApJS/197/21 : The Carnegie-Irvine Galaxy Survey (CGS). I. (Ho+, 2011)J/ApJS/197/22 : The Carnegie-Irvine Galaxy Survey (GGS). II. (Li+, 2011)J/MNRAS/432/3141 : Morphological classification of PM2GC gal. (Calvi+, 2013)J/ApJ/845/87 : CGS. V. Statistical study of bars & buckled bars (Li+, 2017)J/ApJ/862/13 : The Carnegie-Irvine Galaxy Survey. VI. Spirals (Yu+, 2018)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/862/100https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/862/100http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/862/100https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/862/100https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/862/100http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/862/100GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/862/100/table1 (Bulge parameters and bar/lens identifications of the Carnegie-Irvine Galaxy Survey (CGS) S0 galaxies)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/862/100/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/862/100/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/862/100/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true212.0987397-47.97060560.0055555555555555566/17032 17612 17761 20601 22644 24732 24839 24957 25044 25052 25077 25346 25347 25490 26125 26157 26166 33268 33271 33802 33952 33954 34326 34363 34377 34495 34521 34534 34540 34695 35581 35966 36045 36247 37784 38704 38795 38817 38830 40156 40254 40723 40952 43299 43306 43312 43602 43702 43877 43945 45469 45746 45977 46036 46477 46618 46738 47120 47385 474672.762881831355591e-19 3.3785437584409506e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/862/100?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/862/100/table1Bulge parameters and bar/lens identifications of the Carnegie-Irvine Galaxy Survey (CGS) S0 galaxiesn[0.3/5] Sersic indexstat.fit.paramfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameGalaxy namemeta.id;meta.maincharRmag[9.8/13.7] Total R-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloate_Rmag[0.05/0.5] Uncertainty in Rmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.RfloatB/T[0.06/0.8] Bulge-to-total ratiophot.mag.sb;arith.ratiofloate_B/T[0.002/0.2] Uncertainty in B/Tstat.errorfloatmu-Reff[14.6/21.4] Surface brightness at the effective radiusmag.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sb;em.opt.Rfloate_mu-Reff[0.03/0.9] Uncertainty in mu-Reffmag.arcsec**-2stat.errorfloate_n[0.03/1.5] Uncertainty in nstat.errorfloatReff[0.5/30.1] Effective radiusarcsecphys.angSizefloate_Reff[0.04/16] Uncertainty in Reffarcsecstat.errorfloatell[0.01/0.6] Ellipticitysrc.ellipticityfloate_ell[0.001/0.05] Uncertainty in ellstat.errorfloatScale[2.4/21.9] Scale to convert from arcmin to kpckpc/arcminarith.factorfloatsigma0[74.5/308]? Central stellar velocity dispersionkm/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloatnullablee_sigma0[1.9/19.4]? Uncertainty in sigma0km/sstat.errorfloatnullableFlagBar/Lens Flag (1)meta.code.errorcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharNEDNED column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharLEDAmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main