J/ApJ/852/53ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/852/53doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18520053CDSRuffini R.Wang Y.Aimuratov Y.de Almeida U.B.Becerra L.Bianco C.L.,Chen Y.C.Karlica M.Kovacevic M.Li L.Fuksman J.D.M.Moradi R.,Muccino M.Penacchioni A.V.Pisani G.B.Primorac D.Rueda J.A.,Shakeri S.Vereshchagin G.V.Xue S.-S.2019-01-07T08:54:02Z2018-10-24T12:46:36ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgamma-ray-astronomygamma-ray-burstsx-ray-sourcesredshiftedWe analyze the early X-ray flares in the GRB "flare-plateau-afterglow" (FPA) phase observed by Swift-XRT. The FPA occurs only in one of the seven GRB subclasses: the binary-driven hypernovae (BdHNe). This subclass consists of long GRBs with a carbon-oxygen core and a neutron star (NS) binary companion as progenitors. The hypercritical accretion of the supernova (SN) ejecta onto the NS can lead to the gravitational collapse of the NS into a black hole. Consequently, one can observe a GRB emission with isotropic energy E_iso_>~10^52^erg, as well as the associated GeV emission and the FPA phase. Previous work had shown that gamma-ray spikes in the prompt emission occur at ~10^15^-10^17^cm with Lorentz Gamma factors {Gamma}~10^2^-10^3^. Using a novel data analysis, we show that the time of occurrence, duration, luminosity, and total energy of the X-ray flares correlate with Eiso. A crucial feature is the observation of thermal emission in the X-ray flares that we show occurs at radii ~10^12^cm with {Gamma}<~4. These model-independent observations cannot be explained by the "fireball" model, which postulates synchrotron and inverse-Compton radiation from a single ultrarelativistic jetted emission extending from the prompt to the late afterglow and GeV emission phases. We show that in BdHNe a collision between the GRB and the SN ejecta occurs at ~10^10^cm, reaching transparency at ~10^12^cm with {Gamma}<~4. The agreement between the thermal emission observations and these theoretically derived values validates our model and opens the possibility of testing each BdHN episode with the corresponding Lorentz Gamma factor.2018ApJ...852...53Rhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/852/53CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/swift : Swift Master Catalog (HEASARC, 2004-)IX/51 : GRB list (1990-2014) (Ruggeri+, 2016)J/A+A/427/87 : List of GRBs (Gorosabel+, 2004)J/A+A/448/L9 : Position catalogue of Swift XRT afterglows (Moretti+, 2006)J/A+A/455/813 : BeppoSAX cat. of GRB X-ray afterglows (De Pasquale+, 2006)J/AJ/133/1027 : Positions for 179 Swift X-ray afterglows (Butler+, 2007)J/ApJ/690/163 : The first Swift UV-Opt GRB afterglow catalog (Roming+, 2009)J/ApJ/701/824 : Afterglows of short & long-duration GRBs (Nysewander+, 2009)J/MNRAS/397/1177 : Swift-XRT observations of GRBs (Evans+, 2009)J/PAZh/35/10 : Gamma-ray bursts with known redshifts (Badjin+, 2009)J/A+A/528/A122 : SwiftFT catalog (Puccetti+, 2011)J/ApJ/746/156 : Radio afterglow observations of GRBs (Chandra+, 2012)J/MNRAS/428/729 : GRB Swift X-ray light curves analysis (Margutti+, 2013)J/ApJS/209/20 : Swift GRB catalog with X-ray data (Grupe+, 2013)J/ApJ/787/66 : Burst duration measurements for a GRB sample (Zhang+, 2014)J/ApJ/788/30 : Gamma-ray burst flares: X-ray flaring (Swenson+, 2014)J/ApJ/807/76 : 373 GRBs between 0.008<z<6.7 (Li+, 2015)J/A+A/581/A125 : UV/Optical/NIR spectroscopy GRB hosts (Kruehler+, 2015)J/A+A/582/A111 : List of 389 GRBs (Li+, 2015)J/A+A/584/A48 : New redshifts of 357 GBBs (Horvath+, 2015)J/A+A/589/A97 : GRBs Ep and Fourier PDS slope correlation (Dichiara+, 2016)J/ApJ/826/45 : GRB X-ray afterglows light curves analysis (Racusin+, 2016)J/ApJS/227/7 : Long + short GRBs with host galaxies data (Li+, 2016)J/ApJS/224/20 : 10yr of Swift/XRT obs. of GRBs (Yi+, 2016)J/MNRAS/464/4545 : GRBs detected by Swift (2004-2015) (Buchner+, 2017)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/852/53https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/852/53http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/852/53https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/852/53https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/852/53http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/852/53GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/852/53/table9 (*List of the binary-driven hypernovae (BdHNe) considered in this work)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/852/53/table9?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/852/53/table9?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/852/53/table9?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true75.444583311.78138890.0055555555555555566/140 186 207 228 314 500 557 646 699 825 908 923 944 962 1087 2044 2315 2336 2357 2682 3059 3089 3111 3536 3586 3839 3935 4341 4371 4449 4450 4485 4809 4955 5051 5073 5625 5633 5726 5745 5790 5840 6141 6258 6261 6278 6445 6448 6521 6523 6729 7156 7227 7518 7532 7589 7750 8074 8182 8345 8425 8459 8569 8641 8798 8932 8954 9022 9100 9321 9363 9370 9431 9643 9662 9682 9750 9897 9910 9989 9998 10080 10094 10335 10400 10401 10424 10447 10519 10589 10602 10666 10680 10704 10852 11058 11220 11308 11657 11673 11756 11822 12006 12020 12134 12199 12230 12425 12438 13312 13331 13574 13694 13720 13779 13924 14259 14892 14977 15004 15233 15295 15340 15360 15530 16057 16187 16282 16489 16546 16661 16991 17279 17316 17406 17411 17453 17561 17703 17721 17733 17749 17758 17814 17911 18030 18728 18777 18910 18945 18978 19049 19097 19102 19164 19168 19194 19334 19519 19731 19864 19865 20030 20053 20191 20263 20346 20348 20401 20460 20655 20710 20753 21284 21595 21688 21766 21962 22008 22129 22422 22559 22624 22793 22816 23413 24007 24072 24534 24779 24993 25146 25148 25174 25192 25293 25394 25452 25901 25946 26011 26036 26076 26365 26441 26503 26671 27085 27238 27284 27289 27541 27566 27810 27841 27906 27933 27961 27962 28032 28058 28224 28344 28442 28467 28496 28546 28555 28930 29231 29731 29816 30557 31185 31281 31385 31494 31700 31934 32110 32239 32646 32713 33004 33050 33146 33265 33278 33543 33679 33735 33813 33860 34147 34364 34435 34440 34465 34590 34605 34699 34788 34832 34850 34949 35045 35227 35330 35393 35427 35566 35633 35844 36066 36074 36297 36361 36374 36460 37123 37324 37383 37391 37459 37505 37628 38869 38926 39076 39427 39553 39594 39918 39993 40273 40433 40778 40784 41020 41064 41095 41547 42545 42901 42914 43193 43853 44212 44436 44857 45008 45205 45401 45409 45510 45777 45828 45835 45836 46022 46057 46212 46218 46250 46594 46899 46989 47148 47162 47245 47436 47459 47620 47991 48054 48189 48219 48371 48447 48458 48804 49004https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/852/53?format=asciiGamma-rayX-raydefaultJ/ApJ/852/53/table9*List of the binary-driven hypernovae (BdHNe) considered in this workrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGRBGRB identifier (1)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryz[0.1/9.3] Redshiftsrc.redshiftfloatEiso[0.7/438] Isotropic energy; 1e+52ergs1e+45Jphys.energyfloate_Eiso[0.02/86] Uncertainty in Eiso1e+45Jstat.errorfloatLXSwift/XRT data flag (2)meta.codecharE/CEarly flare flag (C=confirmed) (3)meta.codecharULUltra-long flag (UL: a source with T90{>=}1000s)meta.codecharT90[2/11900] Duration (4)stime.durationdoubleInstInitial detection instrument (5)instrcharRefReference (see refs.dat file)meta.ref;pos.framecharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharNEDNED column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainnullable_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullableJ/ApJ/852/53/refsReferencesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRefReference codemeta.notecharBibCodeBibcode of the referencemeta.bib.bibcodecharAuthFirst author's namemeta.bib.authorcharJ/ApJ/852/53/bdhneBinary-driven hypernovae (BdHNe) properties (tables 3, 5 and 7)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGRBGRB identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharz[0.8/4.2] Cosmological redshift zsrc.redshiftfloatT90[7.2/68.6] T_90_ in the rest framestime.intervalfloatEiso[9.5e+51/1.9e+54] GRB isotropic energy E_iso_1e-07Jphys.energydoublee_Eiso[1.7e+51/7.7e+53] Eiso uncertainty1e-07Jstat.errordoubleTp[37/277] Flare peak time t_p_ in the rest framestime.epoch;stat.maxfloate_Tp[2/17] Tp uncertaintysstat.errorfloatLp[5.1e+48/1.2e+51] Flare peak luminosity L_p_1e-07Wphys.luminosity;em.X-raydoublee_Lp[1.3e+48/2.7e+50] Lp uncertainty1e-07Wstat.errordoubleDelt[10/164] Flare duration {Delta}t (1)stime.durationfloate_Delt[2/31] Delt uncertaintysstat.errorfloatEf[3e+50/3.2e+52] Flare energy E_f_ within the time interval1e-07Jphys.energydoublee_Ef[2.2e+49/5.7e+51] Ef uncertainty1e-07Jstat.errordoublealpf[1.2/3.7] Power-law index {alpha}_f_ from the fitting of the flare's spectrumspect.indexfloatEfpa[1.4e+50/7e+52] Flare-Plateau-Afterglow energy (E_FPA_) from the flare until 10^9^s1e-07Jphys.energydoublee_Efpa[1.4e+49/9.6e+51] Efpa uncertainty1e-07Jstat.errordoublef_GRB[b] Flag on GRB (2)meta.codecharRad[1e+11/3.7e+12]? Radius (3)cmphys.size.radiusdoublenullablee_Rad[1e+11/3e+12]? Rad 1{sigma} uncertaintycmstat.errordoublenullablef_Rad[u] u: unconstrainedmeta.codecharkTobs[0.2/1.8]? Observed temperature kT_obs_ (4)keVphys.temperaturefloatnullablee_kTobs[0.03/1.3]? kTobs 1{sigma} uncertaintykeVstat.errorfloatnullablef_kTobs[u] u: unconstrainedmeta.codecharSig[0/1] Significance (5)stat.fit.goodnessfloat