J/ApJ/846/105ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/846/105doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18460105CDSOlsen K.Greve T.R.Narayanan D.Thompson R.Dave R.Rios L.N.,Stawinski S.2018-10-10T09:21:02Z2018-06-15T11:52:20ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesinfrared-sourcesredshiftedinterstellar-mediummillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomyOf the almost 40 star-forming galaxies at z>~5 (not counting quasi-stellar objects) observed in [CII] to date, nearly half are either very faint in [CII] or not detected at all, and fall well below expectations based on locally derived relations between star formation rate and [CII] luminosity. This has raised questions as to how reliable [CII] is as a tracer of star formation activity at these epochs and how factors such as metallicity might affect the [CII] emission. Combining cosmological zoom simulations of galaxies with SIGAME (SImulator of GAlaxy Millimeter/submillimeter Emission), we modeled the multiphased interstellar medium (ISM) and its emission in [CII], as well as in [OI] and [OIII], from 30 main-sequence galaxies at z~6 with star formation rates ~3-23M_{sun}_/yr, stellar masses ~(0.7-8)x10^9^M_{sun}_, and metallicities ~(0.1-0.4)xZ_{sun}_. The simulations are able to reproduce the aforementioned [CII] faintness of some normal star-forming galaxy sources at z>=5. In terms of [OI] and [OIII], very few observations are available at z>~5, but our simulations match two of the three existing z>~5 detections of [OIII] and are furthermore roughly consistent with the [OI] and [OIII] luminosity relations with star formation rate observed for local starburst galaxies. We find that the [CII] emission is dominated by the diffuse ionized gas phase and molecular clouds, which on average contribute ~66% and ~27%, respectively. The molecular gas, which constitutes only ~10% of the total gas mass, is thus a more efficient emitter of [CII] than the ionized gas, which makes up ~85% of the total gas mass. A principal component analysis shows that the [CII] luminosity correlates with the star formation activity of a galaxy as well as its average metallicity. The low metallicities of our simulations together with their low molecular gas mass fractions can account for their [CII] faintness, and we suggest that these factors may also be responsible for the [CII]-faint normal galaxies observed at these early epochs.2017ApJ...846..105Ohttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/846/105CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJS/178/280 : Compendium of ISO far-IR extragalactic data (Brauher+, 2008)J/ApJ/774/68 : [CII]157.7um feature in LIRGs (Diaz-Santos+, 2013)J/ApJ/820/83 : ALMA galaxy properties in COSMOS field (Scoville+, 2016)J/ApJ/844/171 : Ly{alpha} profile in 43 Green Pea galaxies (Yang+, 2017)J/ApJ/845/96 : [CII] emission in the ISM of nearby galaxies (Croxall+, 2017)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/846/105https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/846/105http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/846/105https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/846/105https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/846/105http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/846/105GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/846/105/table3 (All [CII] observations in the literature to date of z>5)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/846/105/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/846/105/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/846/105/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true150.0168752.62663890.0055555555555555566/4279 10298 10299 11063 11252 17683 17690 17692 17741 17883 25540 25675 26189 27256 27258 36846 44429 46885 46896 48715 48899https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/846/105?format=asciiInfraredMillimeterdefaultJ/ApJ/846/105/table3All [CII] observations in the literature to date of z>5SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameName of objectmeta.id;meta.maincharz[5.1/7.7] Spectroscopic redshiftsrc.redshiftfloatl_SFRThe 3{sigma} upper limit flag on SFRmeta.code.error;phys.SFRcharSFR[0.4/750] Star Formation Rate (1)solMass/yrphys.SFRfloathiSFR[0.4/376]? High Star Formation Rate (2)solMass/yrmeta.idfloatnullablel_LCIIThe 3{sigma} upper limit flag on LCIImeta.code.errorcharLCII[300000/16200000000] The [CII]157.7um luminosity (3)solLumphys.luminosity;em.IR.60-100umdoublel_MagThe 3{sigma} upper limit flag on Magmeta.code.errorcharMag[1/100] Lensing magnification; 1 where not knownstat.paramfloatn_SFR[1/4] Note on SFR (4)meta.noteintRefReference (Author, year)meta.ref;pos.framecharBibCodeBibcodemeta.bib.bibcodechar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainnullable_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullable