J/ApJ/845/96ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/845/96doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18450096CDSCroxall K.V.Smith J.D.Pellegrini E.Groves B.Bolatto A.,Herrera-Camus R.Sandstrom K.M.Draine B.Wolfire M.G.Armus L.,Boquien M.Brandl B.Dale D.Galametz M.Hunt L.Kennicutt R.,Kreckel K.Rigopoulou D.van der Werf P.Wilson C.2018-06-19T08:54:38Z2018-05-15T08:03:49ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesinterstellar-mediuminfrared-photometryinfrared-astronomyspectroscopyThe [CII]158{mu}m fine-structure line is the brightest emission line observed in local star-forming galaxies. As a major coolant of the gas-phase interstellar medium, [CII] balances the heating, including that due to far- ultraviolet photons, which heat the gas via the photoelectric effect. However, the origin of [CII] emission remains unclear because C+ can be found in multiple phases of the interstellar medium. Here we measure the fractions of [CII] emission originating in the ionized and neutral gas phases of a sample of nearby galaxies. We use the [NII]205{mu}m fine-structure line to trace the ionized medium, thereby eliminating the strong density dependence that exists in the ratio of [CII]/[NII]122{mu}m. Using the FIR [CII] and [NII] emission detected by the KINGFISH (Key Insights on Nearby Galaxies: a Far- Infrared Survey with Herschel) and Beyond the Peak Herschel programs, we show that 60%-80% of [CII] emission originates from neutral gas. We find that the fraction of [CII] originating in the neutral medium has a weak dependence on dust temperature and the surface density of star formation, and has a stronger dependence on the gas-phase metallicity. In metal-rich environments, the relatively cooler ionized gas makes substantially larger contributions to total [CII] emission than at low abundance, contrary to prior expectations. Approximate calibrations of this metallicity trend are provided.2017ApJ...845...96Chttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/845/96CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVI/139 : Herschel Observation Log (Herschel Science Centre, 2013)J/ApJ/617/240 : Oxygen abundances in the GOODS-North field (Kobulnicky+, 2004)J/ApJ/671/333 : Aperture photometry in NGC 5194 (Kennicutt+, 2007)J/A+A/486/629 : Effective collision strengths for C II (Tayal, 2008)J/ApJS/190/233 : Spectroscopy & abundances of SINGS galaxies (Moustakas+, 2010)J/ApJ/745/95 : Herschel FIR + submm photom. of KINGFISH sample (Dale+, 2012)J/A+A/539/A143 : Nearby B-stars stellar parameters & abundances (Nieva+, 2012)J/ApJS/208/10 : Effects of {kappa}-distribution in HII regions (Dopita+, 2013)J/A+A/552/A19 : Radio-farIR correlation in NGC 6946 (Tabatabaei+, 2013)J/A+A/578/A53 : Spectroscopy of Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey (Cormier+, 2015)J/ApJ/814/133 : Herschel Galactic plane survey of [NII] (Goldsmith+, 2015)J/A+A/575/A17 : NGC 891 Herschel PACS and SPIRE spectroscopy (Hughes+, 2015)J/A+A/576/A33 : KINGFISH galaxy sample radial profile SED (Hunt+, 2015)J/A+A/591/A33 : [CII]158um and [NII]205um IC 342 spectra (Roellig+, 2016)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/845/96https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/845/96http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/845/96https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/845/96https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/845/96http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/845/96GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/845/96/gal (List of targeted galaxies; table added by CDS)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/845/96/gal?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/845/96/gal?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/845/96/gal?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true41.5794125-30.27491110.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/845/96/table1 (*Line fluxes and associated uncertainties for 20 regions)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/845/96/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/845/96/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/845/96/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true41.5796-30.28290.0055555555555555566/5799 7602 7604 10761 10841 10856 13522 15592 15593 23178 25946 26271 27030 27514 27861 27937 28015 28033 28035 28167 35993 36194https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/845/96?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/845/96/galList of targeted galaxies; table added by CDSNameGalaxy Namemeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNfNumber of flux measurements for this target (link to table 1)meta.numberintnullableH15Display the radial profile and SEDs for this galaxy from Hunt+, 2015, J/A+A/576/A33meta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharNEDNED column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharLEDAmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/845/96/table1*Line fluxes and associated uncertainties for 20 regionsl_ne[<= ] Limit flag on electron densitymeta.code.errorcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameGalaxy Namemeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right Ascension, decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination, decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main70/160[0.5/4] 70/160 far-infrared color, nu*fnu(70um)/nu*fnu(160um)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloate_70/160[0.04/1] Uncertainty in 70/160stat.errorfloat[CII]158[0.6/59] Line flux, [CII] 158um1e-08W.m**-2.sr**-1phot.flux;em.mm.1500-3000GHz;spect.linefloate_[CII]158[0.1/0.2] Uncertainty in [CII]1581e-08W.m**-2.sr**-1stat.errorfloat[NII]122[0.01/110]? Line flux, [NII] 122um1e-09W.m**-2.sr**-1phot.flux;em.mm.1500-3000GHz;spect.linefloatnullablee_[NII]122[0.06/3.1]? Uncertainty in [NII]1221e-09W.m**-2.sr**-1stat.errorfloatnullable[NII]205[0.5/32.2] Line flux, [NII] 205um1e-09W.m**-2.sr**-1phot.flux;em.mm.750-1500GHz;spect.linefloate_[NII]205[0.1/1.1] Uncertainty in [NII]2051e-09W.m**-2.sr**-1stat.errorfloatne[10/289] electron densitycm**-3phys.density;phys.electronintf[CII][0.2/1] Fraction [CII] from neutral ISMstat.fit.paramfloate_f[CII][0.003/0.3] Uncertainty in f[CII]stat.errorfloat