J/ApJ/843/33ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/843/33doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18430033CDSDe Buizer J.M.Liu M.Tan J.C.Zhang Y.Beltran M.T.Shuping R.,Staff J.E.Tanaka K.E.I.Whitney B.2021-01-11T08:15:38Z2018-03-20T16:12:10ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frstellar-distancestellar-massesyoung-stellar-objectsastronomical-modelsinterstellar-mediuminfrared-astronomyspectroscopyWe present an overview and first results of the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey, which is using the FORCAST instrument to image massive protostars from ~10 to 40{mu}m. These wavelengths trace thermal emission from warm dust, which in Core Accretion models mainly emerges from the inner regions of protostellar outflow cavities. Dust in dense core envelopes also imprints characteristic extinction patterns at these wavelengths, causing intensity peaks to shift along the outflow axis and profiles to become more symmetric at longer wavelengths. We present observational results for the first eight protostars in the survey, i.e., multiwavelength images, including some ancillary ground-based mid- infrared (MIR) observations and archival Spitzer and Herschel data. These images generally show extended MIR/FIR emission along directions consistent with those of known outflows and with shorter wavelength peak flux positions displaced from the protostar along the blueshifted, near-facing sides, thus confirming qualitative predictions of Core Accretion models. We then compile spectral energy distributions and use these to derive protostellar properties by fitting theoretical radiative transfer models. Zhang and Tan models, based on the Turbulent Core Model of McKee and Tan, imply the sources have protostellar masses m*~10-50M_{sun}_ accreting at ~10^-4^-10^-3^M_{sun}_/yr inside cores of initial masses Mc~30-500M_{sun}_ embedded in clumps with mass surface densities {Sigma}_cl_~0.1-3g/cm^2^. Fitting the Robitaille et al. models typically leads to slightly higher protostellar masses, but with disk accretion rates ~100x smaller. We discuss reasons for these differences and overall implications of these first survey results for massive star formation theories.2017ApJ...843...33Dhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/843/33CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJS/91/659 : Ultracompact HII regions radio images (Kurtz+ 1994)J/A+A/291/943 : Protostellar cores (Ossenkopf+, 1994)J/MNRAS/301/640 : Ultracompact H II regions studies. II. (Walsh+, 1998)J/AJ/130/586 : Compact radio sources in the galactic plane (White+, 2005)J/AJ/136/2391 : GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects catalog (Cyganowski+, 2008)J/other/RAA/10.67 : CH_3_OH maser sources (Liu+, 2010)J/MNRAS/418/2121 : CO 3-2 observations of outflows in W5 (Ginsburg+, 2011)J/A+A/558/A81 : NGC 7538 IRS1 maps in CH3OH, HCN and HCO+ (Beuther+, 2013)J/A+A/558/A24 : The VLTI/MIDI survey of Massive YSOs (Boley+, 2013)J/A+A/559/L2 : H and Ks maps around G045.47+0.05 (Paron+, 2013)J/A+A/569/A11 : G35.20-0.74N continuum & line data cubes (Sanchez-Monge+,J/A+A/593/A49 : G35.20-0.74N VLA continuum images (Beltran+, 2016)J/ApJS/227/25 : 6 & 1.3cm VLA obs. toward 58 high-mass SFRs (Rosero+, 2016)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/843/33https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/843/33http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/843/33https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/843/33https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/843/33http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/843/33GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/843/33/table1 (SOFIA FORCAST observations: observation dates and exposure times)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/843/33/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/843/33/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/843/33/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true45.380333360.48690830.005555555555555556Associated datahttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/assocdata/?obs_collection=J/ApJ/843/336/3271 3290 14317 14655 15681 21510 30319 30644https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/843/33?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/843/33/table1SOFIA FORCAST observations: observation dates and exposure timesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDIdentifiermeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryRAJ2000Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainDistDistancekpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatObsObservation datetime.epoch;obsnullableExp7.7? Exposure time for 7.7 micron observationstime.duration;obs.exposureintnullableExp11.1? Exposure time for 11.1 micron observationstime.duration;obs.exposureintnullableExp19.7? Exposure time for 19.7 micron observationstime.duration;obs.exposureintnullableExp25.3? Exposure time for 25.3 micron observationstime.duration;obs.exposureintnullableExp31.5Exposure time for 31.5 micron observationstime.duration;obs.exposureintExp37.1Exposure time for 37.1 micron observationstime.duration;obs.exposureintNpDisplay the five best fitted models (table 3)meta.ref.urlcharFluxDisplay the integrated flux densities (table 2) for this sourcemeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/843/33/table2Integrated flux densitiesInstFacility identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintlambda[2.1/500] Wavelength of the observationumem.wl;obsfloatF1fs? Flux density of AFGL 4029 (1)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF1f? Flux density of AFGL 4029 (2)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF1vs? Flux density of AFGL 4029 (3)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF1v? Flux density of AFGL 4029 (4)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableR1? Aperture radius for AFGL 4029arcsecphys.angSize;srcfloatnullableF2fs? Flux density of AFGL 437 (1)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF2f? Flux density of AFGL 437 (2)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF2vs? Flux density of AFGL 437 (3)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF2v? Flux density of AFGL 437 (4)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableR2[11/32]? Aperture radius for AFGL 437arcsecphys.angSize;srcfloatnullableF3fs? Flux density of IRAS 07299 (1)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF3f? Flux density of IRAS 07299 (2)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF3vs? Flux density of IRAS 07299 (3)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF3v? Flux density of IRAS 07299 (4)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableR3? Aperture radius for IRAS 07299arcsecphys.angSize;srcfloatnullableF4fs? Flux density of G35.20-0.74 (1)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF4f? Flux density of G35.20-0.74 (2)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF4vs? Flux density of G35.20-0.74 (3)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF4v? Flux density of G35.20-0.74 (4)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableR4? Aperture radius for G35.20-0.74arcsecphys.angSize;srcfloatnullableF5fs? Flux density of G45.47+0.05 (1)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF5f? Flux density of G45.47+0.05 (2)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF5vs? Flux density of G45.47+0.05 (3)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF5v? Flux density of G45.47+0.05 (4)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableR5? Aperture radius for G45.47+0.05arcsecphys.angSize;srcfloatnullableF6fs? Flux density of IRAS 20126 (1)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF6f? Flux density of IRAS 20126 (2)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF6vs? Flux density of IRAS 20126 (3)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF6v? Flux density of IRAS 20126 (4)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableR6? Aperture radius for IRAS 20126arcsecphys.angSize;srcfloatnullableF7fs? Flux density of Cep A (1)Jyphot.flux.densitydoublenullableF7f? Flux density of Cep A (2)Jyphot.flux.densitydoublenullableF7vs? Flux density of Cep A (3)Jyphot.flux.densitydoublenullableF7v? Flux density of Cep A (4)Jyphot.flux.densitydoublenullableR7[15/48]? Aperture radius for Cep Aarcsecphys.angSize;srcfloatnullableF8fs? Flux density of NGC7538 IRS9 (1)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF8f? Flux density of NGC7538 IRS9 (2)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF8vs? Flux density of NGC7538 IRS9 (3)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableF8v? Flux density of NGC7538 IRS9 (4)Jyphot.flux.densityfloatnullableR8? Aperture radius for NGC7538 IRS9arcsecphys.angSize;srcfloatnullableJ/ApJ/843/33/table3Parameters of the five best fitted models of Zhang & Tan (section 3.2.1) and Robitaille+ (2007ApJS..169..328R ; see section 3.2.2)ZTIncZhang & Tan inclinationdegsrc.orbital.inclinationintRap[7.7/48] Aperture radiusarcsecphys.angSize;srcfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDIdentifiermeta.id;meta.maincharDist[0.7/8.4] Distancekpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatZTchi2Zhang & Tan {chi}^2^ of model fitstat.fit.param;meta.modelledfloatZTMc[30/480] Zhang & Tan core masssolMassphys.massintZTSigmaZhang & Tan clump mass surface densityg.cm**-2phys.densityfloatZTPRc[0.03/0.6] Zhang & Tan physical clump radiuspcphys.size.radiusfloatZTARcZhang & Tan angular clump radiusarcsecphys.angSizeintZTM*[8/48] Zhang & Tan protostar masssolMassphys.massintZTAv[0/100] Zhang & Tan V band extinctionmagphys.absorptionfloatZTMenvZhang & Tan envelope masssolMassphys.massintZTthetaZhang & Tan opening angledegpos.posAngintZTMdotZhang & Tan disk accretion ratesolMass/yrarith.ratefloatZTLbol[10000/510000] Zhang & Tan bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloatRobchi2Robitaille et al. {chi}^2^ of model fitstat.fit.param;meta.modelledfloatRobM*[11/34] Robitaille et al. protostar masssolMassphys.massintRobIncRobitaille et al. inclinationdegsrc.orbital.inclinationintRobAv[10/108] Robitaille et al. V band extinctionmagphys.absorptionfloatRobMenvRobitaille et al. envelope masssolMassphys.massintRobPRenv[0.1/0.5] Robitaille et al. physical envelope radiuspcphys.size.radiusfloatRobARenvRobitaille et al. angular envelope radiusarcsecphys.angSize;srcintRobthetaRobitaille et al. opening angledegpos.posAngintRobEMdot[0.0001/0.005] Robitaille et al. envelope accretion ratesolMass/yrarith.ratefloatRobDMdot? Robitaille et al. disk accretion ratesolMass/yrarith.ratefloatnullableRobLbol[8700/170000] Robitaille et al. bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloat