J/ApJ/837/40ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/837/40doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18370040CDSPandya V.Greene J.E.Ma C.-P.Veale M.Ene I.Davis T.A.,Blakeslee J.P.Goulding A.D.McConnell N.J.Nyland K.Thomas J.2018-01-11T12:04:09Z2017-11-21T09:28:19ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesspectroscopygalaxy-kinematicsinterstellar-mediumWe present the first systematic investigation of the existence, spatial distribution, and kinematics of warm ionized gas as traced by the [OII]3727{AA} emission line in 74 of the most massive galaxies in the local universe. All of our galaxies have deep integral-field spectroscopy from the volume- and magnitude-limited MASSIVE survey of early-type galaxies with stellar mass log(M_*_/M_{sun}_)>11.5 (M_K_<-25.3mag) and distance D<108Mpc. Of the 74 galaxies in our sample, we detect warm ionized gas in 28, which yields a global detection fraction of 38+/-6% down to a typical [OII] equivalent width limit of 2{AA}. MASSIVE fast rotators are more likely to have gas than MASSIVE slow rotators with detection fractions of 80+/-10% and 28+/-6%, respectively. The spatial extents span a wide range of radii (0.6-18.2kpc; 0.1-4R_e_), and the gas morphologies are diverse, with 17/28~61+/-9% being centrally concentrated, 8/28~29+/-9% exhibiting clear rotation out to several kiloparsecs, and 3/28~11+/-6% being extended but patchy. Three out of four fast rotators show kinematic alignment between the stars and gas, whereas the two slow rotators with robust kinematic measurements available exhibit kinematic misalignment. Our inferred warm ionized gas masses are roughly ~10^5^M_{sun}_. The emission line ratios and radial equivalent width profiles are generally consistent with excitation of the gas by the old underlying stellar population. We explore different gas origin scenarios for MASSIVE galaxies and find that a variety of physical processes are likely at play, including internal gas recycling, cooling out of the hot gaseous halo, and gas acquired via mergers.2017ApJ...837...40Phttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/837/40CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVII/237 : HYPERLEDA. I. Catalog of galaxies (Paturel+, 2003)J/A+AS/120/257 : Ionized gas velocity in 6 galaxies (Zeilinger+ 1996)J/ApJS/112/315 : Spectroscopic parameters of Seyfert nuclei (Ho+ 1997)J/ApJS/127/39 : Stellar & gas kinematics in early-type galaxies (Caon+ 2000)J/ApJ/655/790 : Groups of galaxies in 2MASS survey (Crook+, 2007)J/A+A/519/A40 : Spectroscopic study of 65 nearby galaxies (Annibali+, 2010)J/MNRAS/413/813 : ATLAS3D project. I. (Cappellari+, 2011)J/MNRAS/414/888 : ATLAS3D project. III. (Emsellem+, 2011)J/MNRAS/414/940 : ATLAS3D project. IV. (Young+, 2011)J/ApJS/199/26 : The 2MASS Redshift Survey (2MRS) (Huchra+, 2012)J/ApJ/795/158 : The MASSIVE survey : 116 candidate galaxies (Ma+, 2014)J/A+A/573/A111 : Group-dominant elliptical gal. CO spectra (O'Sullivan+, 2015)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/837/40https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/837/40http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/837/40https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/837/40https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/837/40http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/837/40GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/837/40/table1 (MASSIVE galaxies with warm ionized gas)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/837/40/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/837/40/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/837/40/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true28.19367536.15181390.0055555555555555566/948 975 2214 2227 2230 2432 3119 4966 6968 7072 11543 11791 13128 13380 13543 13611 17662 18184 18935 20031 22826 23088 26422 26596 28251 28273 32285 32545https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/837/40?format=asciidefaultJ/ApJ/837/40/table1MASSIVE galaxies with warm ionized gasNameGalaxy namemeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDist[34/108] Distance taken from Ma+, J/ApJ/795/158Mpcpos.distancefloatReff[2/19] Stellar effective radiuskpcphys.size.radiusfloatRgas[0.6/18.3] Maximum gas radiuskpcphys.size.radius;stat.maxfloatKMag[-26.3/-25.4] Absolute K-band AB magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.KfloatlogM*[11.6/12.1] Logarithm of stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatlogMd[10/15]? Logarithm of the dark matter halo masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullablelogMg[3.5/6] Logarithm of the warm ionized gas mass (1)log(solMass)phys.massfloatlogLHb[37/39.4] Logarithm of H{beta} luminosity, in erg/s unitslog(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.line.Hbetafloatsigma[231/354] Central stellar velocity dispersionkm/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloatl_OIII/HbLimit flag on OIII/Hb, if H{beta} is non-detectedmeta.code.errorcharOIII/Hb[0.6/5.8] Flux ratio [OIII]/H{beta} in the central spectrumphot.flux;arith.ratiofloatPAgas[148/357]? Kinematic position angle of rotating warm ionized gas (2)degpos.posAngfloatnullablee_PAgas[1.6/16.5]? Uncertainty in PAgasdegstat.errorfloatnullablePAstars[1.6/343] Kinematic position angle of the stars (2)degpos.posAngfloate_PAstars[0.2/22] Uncertainty in PAstarsdegstat.errorfloatf_PAstarsFlag on PAstars (3)meta.codecharPAdiff[1/98]? Kinematic misalignment angle, warm ionized gas relative to starsdegpos.posAngfloatnullablee_PAdiff[3/18]? Uncertainty in PAdiffdegstat.errorfloatnullableF/SKinematic classification (4)meta.codecharExt[Yes/No ] Is warm ionized gas extended beyond the central three dithered fibersmeta.codecharRotDoes warm ionized gas show regular rotationmeta.codecharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharNEDNED column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharLEDAmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main