J/ApJ/825/50ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/825/50doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18250050CDSGordon M.S.Humphreys R.M.Jones T.J.2018-09-13T07:25:29Z2016-10-10T11:52:01ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgiant-starsstellar-spectral-typesinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomybroad-band-photometryextinctionRecent supernova (SN) and transient surveys have revealed an increasing number of non-terminal stellar eruptions. Though the progenitor class of these eruptions includes the most luminous stars, little is known of the pre-SN mechanics of massive stars in their most evolved state, thus motivating a census of possible progenitors. From surveys of evolved and unstable luminous star populations in nearby galaxies, we select a sample of yellow and red supergiant (RSG) candidates in M31 and M33 for review of their spectral characteristics and spectral energy distributions (SEDs). Since the position of intermediate- and late-type supergiants on the color-magnitude diagram can be heavily contaminated by foreground dwarfs, we employ spectral classification and multi-band photometry from optical and near-infrared surveys to confirm membership. Based on spectroscopic evidence for mass loss and the presence of circumstellar (CS) dust in their SEDs, we find that 30%-40% of the yellow supergiants are likely in a post-RSG state. Comparison with evolutionary tracks shows that these mass-losing, post-RSGs have initial masses between 20 and 40M_{sun}_. More than half of the observed RSGs in M31 and M33 are producing dusty CS ejecta. We also identify two new warm hypergiants in M31, J004621.05+421308.06 and J004051.59+403303.00, both of which are likely in a post-RSG state.2016ApJ...825...50Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/825/50CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVI/125 : Theoretical spectra of red giants and supergiants (Lancon+, 2007)J/ApJ/790/48 : Variable stars in M31 & M33. II. LBVs (Humphreys+, 2014)J/ApJ/750/97 : The yellow and red supergiants of M33 (Drout+, 2012)J/A+A/537/A146 : Stellar models with rotation. 0.8<M<120 (Ekstrom+, 2012)J/A+A/522/A3 : M33 CO(2-1) and HI integrated intensity maps (Gratier+, 2010)J/ApJ/705/1364 : MIR catalog of point sources in M33 (Thompson+, 2009)J/ApJ/703/441 : Yellow supergiants in M31 (Drout+, 2009)J/ApJ/703/420 : Red supergiants in M31 (Massey+, 2009)J/MNRAS/395/1409 : Type II-P SN progenitor constraints (Smartt+, 2009)J/ApJ/687/230 : Survey of M31 with Spitzer (Mould+, 2008)J/AJ/134/2474 : H{alpha} emission-line stars in 7 dwarfs gal. (Massey+, 2007)J/ApJ/664/850 : Spitzer observations of stars in M33 (McQuinn+, 2007)J/AJ/133/2393 : UBVRI phot. in seven Local Group dwarfs gal. (Massey+, 2007)J/MNRAS/371/1405 : Variables in M33 (Hartman+, 2006)J/AJ/131/2478 : M31 and M33 UBVRI photometry (Massey+, 2006)J/AJ/121/870 : BVI photometry of Variables in M33 (Macri+, 2001)J/ApJ/501/153 : VRB photometry of red supergiants (Massey 1998)J/ApJS/89/85 : Blue and red supergiants in M33 (Ivanov+ 1993)J/AJ/96/1884 : BVRJHK photometry of M31 red supergiants (Humphreys+ 1988)http://etacar.umn.edu/LuminousStars/M31M33/ : M31 & M33 variable starshttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/825/50https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/825/50http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/825/50https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/825/50https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/825/50http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/825/50GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/825/50/table2 (Spectroscopically-confirmed yellow supergiants (YSGs))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/50/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/50/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/50/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true9.78162540.44122220.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/825/50/table5 (YSG and YSG candidates with evidence for stellar winds and circumstellar dust)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/50/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/50/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/50/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true9.438583339.97322220.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/825/50/table8 (RSG candidates with evidence for circumstellar dust)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/50/table8?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/50/table8?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/50/table8?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true9.265166740.33747220.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/825/50/table9 (Foreground dwarfs)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/50/table9?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/50/table9?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/50/table9?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true9.8917540.78727780.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/825/50/ysg (Photometry and Extinction and luminosities of YSGs and YSG candidates (tables 3 and 4))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/50/ysg?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/50/ysg?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/50/ysg?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true9.299916739.91255560.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/825/50/rsg (Photometry and Extinction and luminosities of candidate red supergiants (RSGs) (tables 6 and 7))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/50/rsg?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/50/rsg?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/50/rsg?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true9.265166740.33747220.0055555555555555566/2154 2155 2240 2241 2619 2622 2623 2666 2667 2705 2708 2709 27528.157980699529898e-21 6.118840631666147e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/825/50?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/825/50/table2Spectroscopically-confirmed yellow supergiants (YSGs)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGalGalaxy identifier (M31 or M33)meta.id.parentcharNameStar name if previously identifiedmeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[0/1] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[30/42] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainSpTMK spectral typesrc.spTypecharNotesAdditional notesmeta.notecharAltAlternate designation or reference (1)meta.idcharRank[12] Rank (1: highly likely supergiant) (G2)meta.codecharPLink to photometry and extinction data (table 3)meta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/825/50/table5YSG and YSG candidates with evidence for stellar winds and circumstellar dustrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGalGalaxy identifier (M31 or M33)meta.id.parentcharNameStar name (G1)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[0/1] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[30/42] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainSpTMK spectral typesrc.spTypecharWind?Evidence of wind? ("yes" or "N/A")meta.codecharIR?Evidence of IR excess? ("yes" or "no")meta.codecharCommAdditional commentsmeta.notecharLost[0.0002/0.03]? Total mass lost (G3)solMassphys.massdoublenullablee_Lost[0/0.004]? Error in LostsolMassstat.errordoublenullablePLink to photometry and extinction data (table 3)meta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/825/50/table8RSG candidates with evidence for circumstellar dustrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGalGalaxy identifier (M31 or M33)meta.id.parentcharNameStar name (G1)meta.idcharRAJ2000Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainLGGSLGGS identifier (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)meta.id;meta.maincharCommAdditional commentsmeta.notecharRankRank (1)meta.codeintLost[0.0002/0.04] Total mass lost (G3)solMassphys.massdoublee_Lost[0/0.005] Error in LostsolMassstat.errordoubleJ/ApJ/825/50/table9Foreground dwarfsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGalGalaxy identifier (M31 or M33)meta.id.parentcharLGGSStar name (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainSpTMK spectral typesrc.spTypecharNotesAdditional notes (1)meta.notecharRankRank (G2)meta.codecharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/825/50/ysgPhotometry and Extinction and luminosities of YSGs and YSG candidates (tables 3 and 4)Var[V] Variable flag (only for table 3) (1)meta.code;src.varcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGalGalaxy identifier (M31 or M33)meta.id.parentcharSpmeta.ref.urlintnullableNameStar name (G1)meta.idcharRAJ2000[0/1] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[30/42] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainLGGSLGGS identifier (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)meta.id;meta.maincharUmag[14.9/26]? U band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.UfloatnullableBmag[15.3/23] B band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatVmag[14.9/21] V band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatRmag[14.5/20] R band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.RfloatImag[14/19.3]? I band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableJmag[12.7/17.3]? 2MASS J band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.JfloatnullableHmag[12.2/18]? 2MASS H band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.HfloatnullableKmag[11.9/17]? 2MASS K band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullable3.6mag[11.5/18]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullable4.5mag[11.4/18]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullable5.8mag[11/15.1]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullable8.0mag[9.5/14.4]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullable3.4mag[10.6/17]? WISE W1 (3.4 micron) band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullable4.6mag[9.8/17.4]? WISE W2 (4.6um) band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullable12mag[7.6/13.1]? WISE W3 (12 micron) band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullable22mag[4.8/9.6]? WISE W4 (22 micron) band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullableSpTMK Spectral Type (only for table 4)src.spTypecharAvcol[0.1/2.5]? V band extinction from colors (only for table 4)magphys.absorptionfloatnullableAv*[0.1/3.2]? V band extinction from starsmagphys.absorptionfloatnullableAvNH[0.3/2.3]? V band extinction from N_H_magphys.absorptionfloatnullableAv[0.1/2.6] Adopted V band extinctionmagphys.absorptionfloatVMag[-10.2/-4.6]? Absolute V band magnitudemagphys.magAbs;em.opt.VfloatnullableMbol[-10.5/9] Bolometric magnitudemagphys.magAbs.bolfloatf_Mbol[*] Flag on Mbol (3)meta.codecharlogL[4.2/6.1]? Log luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullablelogT[3.5/4.1]? Log temperature (4)log(K)phys.temperaturefloatnullablepPmeta.ref.urlintnullableDCatDisplay data from Drout et al. (2009, J/ApJ/703/441 and 2012, J/ApJ/750/97)meta.ref.urlchar2MDisplay the 2MASS data (Cutri+ 2003, Cat. II/246) within 3"meta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/825/50/rsgPhotometry and Extinction and luminosities of candidate red supergiants (RSGs) (tables 6 and 7)VMag[-10.2/-4.6]? Absolute V band magnitudemagphys.magAbs;em.opt.VfloatnullableMbol[-10.5/9] Bolometric magnitudemagphys.magAbs.bolfloatnullablef_Mbol[*] Flag on Mbol (3)meta.codecharlogL[4.2/6.1]? Log luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullablelogT[3.5/4.1]? Log temperature (4)log(K)phys.temperaturefloatnullablepPmeta.ref.urlintnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGalGalaxy identifier (M31 or M33)meta.id.parentcharNameStar name (G1)meta.idcharRAJ2000[0/1] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[30/42] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainLGGSLGGS identifier (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryUmag[14.9/26]? U band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.UfloatnullableBmag[15.3/23] B band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatVmag[14.9/21] V band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatRmag[14.5/20] R band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.RfloatImag[14/19.3]? I band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableJmag[12.7/17.3]? 2MASS J band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.JfloatnullableHmag[12.2/18]? 2MASS H band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.HfloatnullableKmag[11.9/17]? 2MASS K band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullable3.6mag[11.5/18]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullable4.5mag[11.4/18]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullable5.8mag[11/15.1]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullable8.0mag[9.5/14.4]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullable3.4mag[10.6/17]? WISE W1 (3.4 micron) band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullable4.6mag[9.8/17.4]? WISE W2 (4.6um) band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullable12mag[7.6/13.1]? WISE W3 (12 micron) band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullable22mag[4.8/9.6]? WISE W4 (22 micron) band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablef_Name[d] Flag on Name (only for table 7) (2)meta.codecharAv*[0.1/3.2]? V band extinction from starsmagphys.absorptionfloatnullableAvNH[0.3/2.3]? V band extinction from N_H_magphys.absorptionfloatnullableAv[0.1/2.6] Adopted V band extinctionmagphys.absorptionfloatnullableRCatDisplay the RSG data from Massey+ (2009, J/ApJ/703/420) and Drout+ (2012, J/ApJ/750/97)meta.ref.urlchar2MDisplay the 2MASS data (Cutri+ 2003, Cat. II/246) within 3"meta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar