J/ApJ/825/19ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/825/19doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18250019CDSWolfgang A.Rogers L.A.Ford E.B.2017-11-29T11:48:11Z2016-10-05T14:19:12ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsolar-system-planetsstellar-massesstellar-radiiThe Kepler Mission has discovered thousands of planets with radii <4R_{earth}_, paving the way for the first statistical studies of the dynamics, formation, and evolution of these sub-Neptunes and super-Earths. Planetary masses are an important physical property for these studies, and yet the vast majority of Kepler planet candidates do not have theirs measured. A key concern is therefore how to map the measured radii to mass estimates in this Earth-to-Neptune size range where there are no Solar System analogs. Previous works have derived deterministic, one-to-one relationships between radius and mass. However, if these planets span a range of compositions as expected, then an intrinsic scatter about this relationship must exist in the population. Here we present the first probabilistic mass-radius relationship (M-R relation) evaluated within a Bayesian framework, which both quantifies this intrinsic dispersion and the uncertainties on the M-R relation parameters. We analyze how the results depend on the radius range of the sample, and on how the masses were measured. Assuming that the M-R relation can be described as a power law with a dispersion that is constant and normally distributed, we find that M/M_{earth}_=2.7(R/R_{earth}_)^1.3^, a scatter in mass of 1.9M_{earth}_, and a mass constraint to physically plausible densities, is the "best-fit" probabilistic M-R relation for the sample of RV-measured transiting sub-Neptunes (R_pl_<4R_{earth}_). More broadly, this work provides a framework for further analyses of the M-R relation and its probable dependencies on period and stellar properties.2016ApJ...825...19Whttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/825/19CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/806/183 : Planet radii of Kepler Object of Interest (Wolfgang+, 2015)J/ApJS/217/31 : Kepler planetary candidates. VI. 4yr Q1-Q16 (Mullally+, 2015)J/ApJS/217/16 : Kepler planetary candidates. V. 3yr Q1-Q12 (Rowe+, 2015)J/ApJ/800/135 : HARPS-N radial velocities of KOI-69 (Dressing+, 2015)J/A+A/573/A124 : Kepler-117 (KOI-209) transit-timing variations (Bruno+, 2015)J/ApJS/210/20 : Small Kepler planets radial velocities (Marcy+, 2014)J/ApJS/210/19 : Kepler planetary candidates. IV. 22 months (Burke+, 2014)J/ApJS/208/16 : Kepler transit timing observations. VIII. (Mazeh+, 2013)J/ApJ/772/L2 : Keck/HIRES radial velocities for HD 97658 (Dragomir+, 2013)J/ApJS/204/24 : Kepler planetary candidates. III. (Batalha+, 2013)J/A+A/546/A27 : Radial velocity and photometry for GJ3470 (Bonfils+, 2012)J/ApJ/749/15 : The Kepler-20 planetary system (Gautier+, 2012)J/A+A/539/A28 : New transit photom. for super-Earth 55 Cnc e (Gillon+, 2012)J/ApJS/197/8 : Kepler's cand. multiple transiting planets (Lissauer+, 2011)J/ApJ/736/19 : Kepler planetary candidates. II. (Borucki+, 2011)J/ApJ/728/138 : Follow-up photometry of HAT-P-26 (Hartman+, 2011)J/ApJ/710/1724 : Follow-up photometry for HAT-P-11 (Bakos+, 2010)J/A+A/520/A66 : CoRoT-8b light and RV curves (Borde+, 2010)J/A+A/506/303 : CoRoT-7 radial velocities (Queloz+, 2009)http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ : NASA exoplanet archivehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/825/19https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/825/19http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/825/19https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/825/19https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/825/19http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/825/19GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/825/19/table2 (Masses and radii of small planets)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/19/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/19/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/825/19/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true133.1492128.330820.0055555555555555566/4651 5009 14573 14585 14734 14744 14751 14757 14767 14768 14774 14794 14825 14918 14920 14923 14924 14929 14930 14932 14933 14935 14936 14939 14968 14969 14971 15060 15110 15121 15131 15134 15143 15146 15149 15153 15158 18800 22078 26062 28400 28548 30450 30466 31216https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/825/19?format=asciidefaultJ/ApJ/825/19/table2Masses and radii of small planetsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNamePlanet identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharPeriod[0.3/267.3] Orbital perioddtime.periodfloatMobs[-6.4/70]? Observed mass in Earth masses(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloatnullablee_Mobs[0.2/95] The 1{sigma} uncertainty in Mobs(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.errorfloatRobs[0.3/6.6] Observed radius in Earth radii(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloate_Robs[0.01/0.9] The 1{sigma} uncertainty in Robs(6.3781x10+6m)stat.errorfloat1RefFirst reference (see refs.dat file)meta.bibcharMRRefMass and radius reference (see refs.dat file)meta.bibcharNote[,0-6]? Additional note(s) (1)meta.notecharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/825/19/refsReferencesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRefReference numbermeta.id;meta.mainintAuthFirst author's name and yearmeta.bib.authorcharBibCodeBibcode of the referencemeta.bib.bibcodecharCatVizieR catalog referencemeta.id;meta.datasetchar