J/ApJ/824/75ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/824/75doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18240075CDSOverbeek J.C.Friel E.D.Jacobson H.R.2018-11-13T13:54:30Z2016-09-29T15:13:30ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fropen-star-clusterschemical-abundancesline-intensitiesNeutron-capture elements, those with Z>35, are the least well understood in terms of nucleosynthesis and formation environments. The rapid neutron-capture, or r-process, elements are formed in the environments and/or remnants of massive stars, while the slow neutron-capture, or s-process, elements are primarily formed in low-mass AGB stars. These elements can provide much information about Galactic star formation and enrichment, but observational data are limited. We have assembled a sample of 68 stars in 23 open clusters that we use to probe abundance trends for six neutron-capture elements (Eu, Gd, Dy, Mo, Pr, and Nd) with cluster age and location in the disk of the Galaxy. In order to keep our analysis as homogeneous as possible, we use an automated synthesis fitting program, which also enables us to measure multiple (3-10) lines for each element. We find that the pure r-process elements (Eu, Gd, and Dy) have positive trends with increasing cluster age, while the mixed r- and s-process elements (Mo, Pr, and Nd) have insignificant trends consistent with zero. Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, and Dy have similar, slight (although mostly statistically significant) gradients of ~0.04dex/kpc. The mixed elements also appear to have nonlinear relationships with R_GC_.2016ApJ...824...75Ohttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/824/75CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/AJ/149/15 : Spectroscopy of NGC 7789 (Overbeek+, 2015)J/MNRAS/431/3338 : Abundances of red giants in open clusters (Reddy+, 2013)J/AJ/145/107 : Zr, Ba, La, & Eu abundances in 19 OCs (Jacobson+, 2013)J/A+A/548/A55 : C & O isotopic ratios in Arcturus and Aldebaran (Abia+ 2012)J/AJ/144/95 : Abundance in outer galactic disk stars. IV. (Yong+, 2012)J/MNRAS/422/3527 : Equivalent widths of 11 NGC 3680 stars (Mitschang+, 2012)J/MNRAS/419/1350 : Red giants abundances in 4 open clusters (Reddy+, 2012)J/A+A/535/A30 : Chemical abundance of 12 stars in OCs (Carrera+, 2011)J/AJ/142/136 : Spectroscopy of Cepheids. l=30-250{deg} (Luck+, 2011)J/MNRAS/416/1077 : Photometry of 3 open clusters (Cignoni+ 2011)J/AJ/142/59 : Chemical abundance in 10 open clusters (Jacobson+, 2011)J/A+A/523/A11 : Open clusters towards the Galactic center (Magrini+, 2010)J/MNRAS/407/2109 : Kinematic study of open clusters (Vande Putte+, 2010)J/AJ/139/1942 : EWs of red giants in 6 open clusters (Friel+, 2010)J/A+A/511/A56 : Abundances of five open clusters (Pancino+, 2010)J/MNRAS/399/2146 : Orbits of open clusters in the Galaxy (Wu+, 2009)J/AJ/137/4753 : Red giants EWs in 4 open clusters (Jacobson+, 2009)J/ApJS/182/80 : Rare earth abundances (Sneden+, 2009)J/AJ/134/1216 : NGC 7142, 6939, & IC 4756 star abundances (Jacobson+, 2007)J/AZh/84/429 : Abundances in atmospheres of cool giants (Mishenina+, 2007)J/ApJS/167/292 : Transition probabilities for Gd II (Den Hartog+, 2006)J/MNRAS/367/1329 : Elemental abundances for 176 stars (Reddy+, 2006)J/AJ/129/2725 : EWs of red giants in Berkeley 17 (Friel+, 2005)J/A+A/431/933 : Abundances of NGC 7789 evolved stars (Tautvaisiene+, 2005)J/PASJ/56/295 : BVIc photometry of old open clusters (Hasegawa+, 2004)J/A+A/413/159 : Galactic abundance gradient. V. (Andrievsky+, 2004)J/MNRAS/340/304 : [X/Fe] of Galactic disc F and G dwarfs (Reddy+, 2003)J/A+A/399/105 : RVs of red giants in NGC 1817 (Mermilliod+, 2003)J/A+A/392/491 : Galactic abundance gradient. III. (Andrievsky+, 2002)J/A+A/381/32 : Galactic Cepheid abundances (Andrievsky+, 2002)J/A+A/360/499 : Equivalent widths of 9 stars of M 67 (Tautvaisiene+, 2000)J/AJ/106/220 : UBVI photometry in Berkeley 31 (Guetter 1993)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/824/75https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/824/75http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/824/75https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/824/75https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/824/75http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/824/75GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/824/75/table2 (APO spectroscopic observations)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/824/75/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/824/75/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/824/75/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true78.257516.68733330.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/824/75/clusters (Average abundances of the 23 clusters in the (tables 1 and 9))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/824/75/clusters?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/824/75/clusters?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/824/75/clusters?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true80.135730.52620.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/824/75/abund (Line-by-line and average stellar abundances of the stars in the (tables 6 and 7))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/824/75/abund?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/824/75/abund?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/824/75/abund?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true80.198958330.5280.0055555555555555566/1481 1486 3076 3091 4078 4298 14175 14303 15594 15595 15757 15759 21719 22237 22239 22433 22499 23612 23745 23761 24121 24330 24344 24491 41613 42402https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/824/75?format=asciidefaultJ/ApJ/824/75/table2APO spectroscopic observationsr_VrVr reference (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharClCluster namemeta.id.parentcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintStar[53/1821] Star numbermeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag[11.4/14.2]? V-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vfloatnullabler_VmagPhotometry reference (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharDateUT date of observationtime.epoch;obsnullableExpExposure timesstime.duration;obs.exposurecharVr[-20.1/66]? Radial velocity from literaturekm/sspect.dopplerVelocfloatnullablee_Vr[0.4/1]? Vr uncertaintykm/sstat.errorfloatnullableRVel[-23.6/64.7] Measured V_r_km/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloatS/N[76/93]? Signal to noise ratiostat.snrintnullableJ/ApJ/824/75/table3Fe linelist parameters and equivalent width measurementsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintlambda[5234.6/6839.9] Wavelength of line0.1nmem.wl;spect.linefloatSp[26/26.1] Atomic element & ionization number, atomic_number.ionization e.g. 26.0=FeIphys.atmol.ionStagefloatEP[0.8/5] Excitation potentialeVphys.atmol.excitationfloatlog(gf)[-6.5/-0.1] Log of the oscillator strengthphys.atmol.oscStrengthfloatEW886[10/137]? Equivalent widths for Be 31 star 8861e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableEW1045? Equivalent widths for Cr 261 star 10451e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableEW1080? Equivalent widths for Cr 261 star 10801e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableEW206? Equivalent widths for N1817 star 2061e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableEW1456? Equivalent widths for N1817 star 14561e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableEW514? Equivalent widths for N2141 star 5141e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableEW1821? Equivalent widths for N2141 star 18211e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableEW9? Equivalent widths for N6192 star 91e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableEW45? Equivalent widths for N6192 star 451e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableEW96? Equivalent widths for N6192 star 961e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableEW137[28/169]? Equivalent widths for N6192 star 1371e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableEW53? Equivalent widths for N6939 star 531e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableEW65? Equivalent widths for N6939 star 651e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableEW212? Equivalent widths for N7789 star 2121e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableEW468? Equivalent widths for N7789 star 4681e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableEW605[26/177]? Equivalent widths for N7789 star 6051e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableEW765? Equivalent widths for N7789 star 7651e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableEW958? Equivalent widths for N7789 star 9581e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableJ/ApJ/824/75/table4Atmospheric parameters of newly analyzed stars (for seven clusters)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClCluster namemeta.id.parentcharStarStar number within the clustermeta.id;meta.mainintRefSource of Atmospheric Parameters (1)meta.bibcharTeff[4190/5100] Derived stellar effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintlog(g)[1.3/3] Derived surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatxi[1/2.1] Derived microturbulent velocitykm/sphys.velocfloatFeI[6.9/7.7] Log FeI number abundance relative to solarlog(Sun)phys.abundfloatf_FeI[a] Flag on FeI Source (2)meta.codechare_FeI[0.07/0.3] Uncertainty in FeI, dexstat.errorfloato_FeI[22/126] Number of lines used to derive FeImeta.numberintFeII[7/7.7]? Log FeII number abundance relative to solarlog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablef_FeII[a] Flag on FeII Source (2)meta.codechare_FeII[0.03/0.3]? Uncertainty in FeI, dexstat.errorfloatnullableo_FeII[3/14] Number of lines used to derive FeIImeta.numberintJ/ApJ/824/75/clustersAverage abundances of the 23 clusters in the (tables 1 and 9)SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClCluster designationmeta.id;meta.maincharGLONGalactic longitudedegpos.galactic.lonGLATGalactic latitudedegpos.galactic.latDist[0.9/8.3] Heliocentric distancekpcpos.distancefloatAge[0.2/10.1] AgeGyrtime.agefloatf_Age[c] Flag on Age (1)meta.codecharRgc[7.1/16.3] Galactocentric radius (2)kpcphys.size.radius;pos.galactocentricfloatRefReference(s) (3)meta.ref;pos.framecharNs[ ,1-5] Number of stars per observationmeta.numbercharTelTelescope(s) used for the observationinstr.setupchar[Fe/H]Average [Fe/H]log(Sun)phys.abund.Fe;stat.meanfloatf_[Fe/H][a] Flag on [Fe/H] (4)meta.codechare_[Fe/H][0/0.1]? [Fe/H] uncertaintylog(Sun)stat.error;phys.abund.Fefloatnullable[Eu/Fe][-0.3/0.3] Average [Eu/Fe]log(Sun)phys.abundfloate_[Eu/Fe][0.01/0.1] [Eu/Fe] uncertaintylog(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Gd/Fe][-0.09/0.4]? Average [Gd/Fe]log(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_[Gd/Fe][0.01/0.2]? [Gd/Fe] uncertaintylog(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Dy/Fe][-0.2/0.4]? Average [Dy/Fe]log(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_[Dy/Fe][0/0.07]? [Dy/Fe] uncertaintylog(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Mo/Fe][-0.1/0.5] Average [Mo/Fe]log(Sun)phys.abundfloate_[Mo/Fe][0.03/0.3] [Mo/Fe] uncertaintylog(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Pr/Fe][-0.3/0.3]? Average [Pr/Fe]log(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_[Pr/Fe][0.01/0.14]? [Pr/Fe] uncertaintylog(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Nd/Fe][-0.1/0.6] Average [Nd/Fe]log(Sun)phys.abundfloate_[Nd/Fe][0/0.14] [Nd/Fe] uncertaintylog(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloat_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedJ/ApJ/824/75/abundLine-by-line and average stellar abundances of the stars in the (tables 6 and 7)SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharRefStar reference(s) (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClCluster namemeta.id.parentcharStarStar identificationmeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000? Hour of right ascension (J2000) (1)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainnullableDEJ2000? Degree of declination (J2000) (1)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullableADisplay the atmospheric parameters for this star (table 4)meta.ref.urlchar4129[Eu/Fe]? Eu to Fe ratio based on the 4129{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable4205[Eu/Fe]? Eu to Fe ratio based on the 4205{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable6437[Eu/Fe][-0.5/0.4]? Eu to Fe ratio based on the 6437{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable6645[Eu/Fe]? Eu to Fe ratio based on the 6645{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable4085[Gd/Fe]? Gd to Fe ratio based on the 4085{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable4191[Gd/Fe]? Gd to Fe ratio based on the 4191{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable4316[Gd/Fe]? Gd to Fe ratio based on the 4316{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable4483[Gd/Fe][-0.07/0.5]? Gd to Fe ratio based on the 4483{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable4498[Gd/Fe]? Gd to Fe ratio based on the 4498{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable4073[Dy/Fe]? Dy to Fe ratio based on the 4073{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable4449[Dy/Fe]? Dy to Fe ratio based on the 4449{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable5169[Dy/Fe]? Dy to Fe ratio based on the 5169{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable5570[Mo/Fe]? Mo to Fe ratio based on the 5570{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable5751[Mo/Fe]? Mo to Fe ratio based on the 5751{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable6030[Mo/Fe]? Mo to Fe ratio based on the 6030{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable5219[Pr/Fe]? Pr to Fe ratio based on the 5219{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable5259[Pr/Fe]? Pr to Fe ratio based on the 5259{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable5322[Pr/Fe]? Pr to Fe ratio based on the 5322{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable5352[Pr/Fe]? Pr to Fe ratio based on the 5352{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable5132[Nd/Fe]? Nd to Fe ratio based on the 5132{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable5306[Nd/Fe]? Nd to Fe ratio based on the 5306{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable5356[Nd/Fe]? Nd to Fe ratio based on the 5356{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable5416[Nd/Fe]? Nd to Fe ratio based on the 5416{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable5431[Nd/Fe]? Nd to Fe ratio based on the 5431{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable5485[Nd/Fe]? Nd to Fe ratio based on the 5485{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable5533[Nd/Fe]? Nd to Fe ratio based on the 5533{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable5740[Nd/Fe][-0.2/0.7]? Nd to Fe ratio based on the 5740{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable5811[Nd/Fe]? Nd to Fe ratio based on the 5811{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable6385[Nd/Fe]? Nd to Fe ratio based on the 6385{AA} linelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullable<[Eu/Fe]>[-0.4/0.3] Mean star [Eu/Fe] abundancelog(Sun)phys.abundfloate_<[Eu/Fe]>[0/0.2]? Uncertainty in <[Eu/Fe]> abundancelog(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable<[Gd/Fe]>[-0.2/0.4]? Mean star [Gd/Fe] abundancelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_<[Gd/Fe]>[0/0.3]? Uncertainty in <[Gd/Fe]> abundancelog(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable<[Dy/Fe]>[-0.2/0.5]? Mean star [Dy/Fe] abundancelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_<[Dy/Fe]>[0/0.2]? Uncertainty in <[Dy/Fe]> abundancelog(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable<[Mo/Fe]>[-0.4/0.5] Mean star [Mo/Fe] abundancelog(Sun)phys.abundfloate_<[Mo/Fe]>[0.01/0.2]? Uncertainty in <[Mo/Fe]> abundancelog(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable<[Pr/Fe]>[-0.3/0.4]? Mean star [Pr/Fe] abundancelog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_<[Pr/Fe]>[0.02/0.2]? Uncertainty in <[Pr/Fe]> abundancelog(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable<[Nd/Fe]>[-0.3/0.6] Mean star [Nd/Fe] abundancelog(Sun)phys.abundfloate_<[Nd/Fe]>[0.03/0.2] Uncertainty in <[Nd/Fe]> abundancelog(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloatEWsDisplay the Equivalent Widths from table3meta.ref.urlchar