J/ApJ/815/5ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/815/5doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18150005CDSSchuler S.C.Vaz Z.A.Katime Santrich O.J.Cunha K.Smith V.V.,King J.R.Teske J.K.Ghezzi L.Howell S.B.Isaacson H.2019-05-08T15:15:30Z2016-03-30T14:33:51ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frchemical-abundancesline-intensitiesmultiple-starssolar-system-planetsWe present newly derived stellar parameters and the detailed abundances of 19 elements of seven stars with small planets discovered by NASA's Kepler Mission. Each star, save one, has at least one planet with a radius <=1.6R_{Earth}_, suggesting a primarily rocky composition. The stellar parameters and abundances are derived from high signal-to-noise ratio, high-resolution echelle spectroscopy obtained with the 10m Keck I telescope and High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer using standard spectroscopic techniques. The metallicities of the seven stars range from -0.32 to +0.13dex, with an average metallicity that is subsolar, supporting previous suggestions that, unlike Jupiter-type giant planets, small planets do not form preferentially around metal-rich stars. The abundances of elements other than iron are in line with a population of Galactic disk stars, and despite our modest sample size, we find hints that the compositions of stars with small planets are similar to stars without known planets and with Neptune-size planets, but not to those of stars with giant planets. This suggests that the formation of small planets does not require exceptional host-star compositions and that small planets may be ubiquitous in the Galaxy. We compare our derived abundances (which have typical uncertainties of <~0.04dex) to the condensation temperature of the elements; a correlation between the two has been suggested as a possible signature of rocky planet formation. None of the stars demonstrate the putative rocky planet signature, despite at least three of the stars having rocky planets estimated to contain enough refractory material to produce the signature, if real. More detailed abundance analyses of stars known to host small planets are needed to verify our results and place ever more stringent constraints on planet formation models.2015ApJ...815....5Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/815/5CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/MNRAS/452/2127 : Fundamental param. of Kepler stars (Silva Aguirre+, 2015)J/ApJ/808/187 : Metallicities of KIC stars without planets (Buchhave+, 2015)J/ApJ/807/45 : Potentially habitable planet around M dwarfs (Dressing+, 2015)J/A+A/579/A20 : Circumstellar debris discs (Maldonado+, 2015)J/A+A/576/A69 : Li abundances in F stars (Delgado+, 2015)J/ApJS/211/2 : Revised properties of Q1-16 Kepler targets (Huber+, 2014)J/ApJ/784/45 : Kepler's multiple planet candidates. III. (Rowe+, 2014)J/ApJS/210/20 : Small Kepler planets radial velocities (Marcy+, 2014)J/A+A/562/A92 : Li abundance in solar analogues (Delgado Mena+, 2014)J/A+A/562/A71 : Solar neighbourhood dwarf chemical abundances (Bensby+, 2014)J/ApJS/210/1 : Asteroseismic study of solar-type stars (Chaplin+, 2014)J/A+A/561/A7 : Abundances for stars with planets (Ramirez+, 2014)J/MNRAS/434/1422 : Atmospheric param. of FGKM stars (Molenda-Zakowicz+, 2013)J/ApJ/771/107 : Spectroscopy of faint KOI stars (Everett+, 2013)J/ApJ/767/127 : Asteroseismic solutions for 77 Kepler stars (Huber+, 2013)J/A+A/552/A6 : F-G main-sequence star abundances (Gonzalez Hernandez+, 2013)J/ApJS/204/24 : Kepler planetary candidates. III. (Batalha+, 2013)J/ApJ/764/78 : Oxygen abundances in nearby FGK stars (Ramirez+, 2013)J/A+A/549/A109 : HARPS XXXI. The M-dwarf sample (Bonfils+, 2013)J/A+A/547/A36 : Chemical abundances of 87 KOIs (Adibekyan++, 2012)J/ApJ/757/161 : Spectroscopy of 56 exoplanet host stars (Torres+, 2012)J/ApJ/756/46 : Lithium abundances in HIP stars (Ramirez+, 2012)J/A+A/545/A32 : Chemical abundances of 1111 FGK stars (Adibekyan+, 2012)J/other/Nat/486.375 : Stellar parameters of KOI stars (Buchhave+, 2012)J/MNRAS/423/122 : Abundances of 93 solar-type Kepler targets (Bruntt+, 2012)J/ApJ/749/152 : Asteroseismic analysis of 22 solar-type stars (Mathur+, 2012)J/ApJ/749/15 : The Kepler-20 planetary system (Gautier+, 2012)J/PASP/124/164 : New lithium measures in metal-poor stars (Schaeuble+, 2012)J/ApJ/736/19 : Kepler planetary candidates. II. (Borucki+, 2011)J/ApJ/732/55 : Abundances of stars with planets (Schuler+, 2011)J/ApJ/725/2349 : C/O vs Mg/Si of planetary systems (Delgado Mena+, 2010)J/ApJ/724/154 : Lithium abundances in stars with planets (Ghezzi+, 2010)J/ApJ/720/1290 : Abundances of stars hosting planets (Ghezzi+, 2010)J/ApJ/622/1102 : The planet-metallicity correlation. (Fischer+, 2005)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/815/5https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/815/5http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/815/5https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/815/5https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/815/5http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/815/5GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/815/5/stars (Observing log and stellar parameters (tables 1 and 2))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/815/5/stars?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/815/5/stars?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/815/5/stars?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true287.698014442.33869420.0055555555555555566/14918 14930 14933 14939 14968 15119 15131https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/815/5?format=asciidefaultJ/ApJ/815/5/starsObserving log and stellar parameters (tables 1 and 2)CommCommentmeta.notecharKICKIC numbermeta.idintKOI[41/975] KOI numbermeta.idintKeplerKepler namemeta.id;meta.maincharf_S/NFlag on S/N (1)meta.codecharDateUT observation datetime.epoch;obsnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKpmag[8.2/12.5] Kepler magnitude from Borucki et al. (2011, J/ApJ/736/19)magphot.mag;em.optfloatS/N[160/482]? Signal to noise ratio estimates given at 6700{AA} unless flaggedstat.snrintnullableTeff[5406/6240] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullablee_Teff[25/45] Teff uncertaintyKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintnullablelogg[3.9/4.6] Log of surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatnullablee_logg[0.08/0.2] logg uncertaintylog(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatnullableXi[1.1/2] Microturbulent velocitykm/sphys.velocfloatnullablee_Xi[0.04/0.2] Xi uncertaintykm/sstat.errorfloatnullable[FeI/H][-0.4/0.2] Abundance of [FeI/H]phys.abundfloatnullableNFeI[41/65] Number of [FeI/H] linesmeta.numberinte_[FeI/H][0.003/0.007] Uncertainty in the mean abundance ({sigma}{mu})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[FeII/H][-0.4/0.2] Abundance of [FeII/H]phys.abundfloatnullableNFeII[5/14] Number of [FeII/H] linesmeta.numberinte_[FeII/H][0.009/0.03] Uncertainty in the mean abundance ({sigma}{mu})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullableEWsDisplay the equivalent width measurements for this starmeta.ref.urlcharnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/815/5/table9Lines measured, equivalent widths, and abundancesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIonIon designationphys.atmol.ionStagecharlambda[5052.1/7775.4] Wavelength in Angstroms0.1nmem.wlfloatf_lambda[a] a = Not corrected for Ni blendmeta.codecharExPot[0/9.2] Excitation potentialeVphys.atmol.excitationfloatlog(gf)[-9.8/0.4] Log oscillator strengthphys.atmol.oscStrengthfloatEW-K-20? Kepler-20 equivalent width (2)1e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablelogN-K-20? Kepler-20 log number abundancephys.abundfloatnullablef_logN-K-20[b] b = Not corrected for hfsmeta.codecharEW-K-21? Kepler-21 equivalent width (2)1e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablelogN-K-21? Kepler-21 log number abundancephys.abundfloatnullableEW-K-22? Kepler-22 equivalent width (2)1e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablelogN-K-22? Kepler-22 log number abundancephys.abundfloatnullableEW-K-37? Kepler-37 equivalent width (2)1e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablelogN-K-37? Kepler-37 log number abundancephys.abundfloatnullablef_logN-K-37[b] b = Not corrected for hfsmeta.codecharEW-K-68? Kepler-68 equivalent width (2)1e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablelogN-K-68? Kepler-68 log number abundancephys.abundfloatnullableEW-K-100? Kepler-100 equivalent width (2)1e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablelogN-K-100? Kepler-100 log number abundancephys.abundfloatnullableEW-K-130? Kepler-130 equivalent width (2)1e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablelogN-K-130? Kepler-130 log number abundancephys.abundfloatnullableJ/ApJ/815/5/table10Solar lines measured, equivalent widths, and abundancesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIonIon designationphys.atmol.ionStagecharlambda[4620.5/7775.4] Wavelength in Angstroms0.1nmem.wlfloatf_lambda[a] a = Not corrected for Ni blendmeta.codecharExPot[0/9.2] Excitation potentialeVphys.atmol.excitationfloatlog(gf)[-9.8/0.4] Log oscillator strengthphys.atmol.oscStrengthfloatEW-1[5.1/168.3] Solar equivalent width from Kepler-20, -21, & -22 set in m{AA} units1e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatlogN-1[3/8.9] Solar log number abundance from Kepler-20, -21, & -22phys.abundfloatf_logN-1[b] b = Not corrected for hfsmeta.codecharEW-2[4.4/157.3]? Solar equivalent width from Kepler-37, & -68 set in m{AA} units1e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablelogN-2[3/8.9]? Solar log number abundance from Kepler-37, & -68 setphys.abundfloatnullablef_logN-2[b] b = Not corrected for hfsmeta.codecharEW-3[4.8/152.7]? Solar equivalent width from Kepler-100 & -130 set in m{AA} units1e-13mspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablelogN-3[3/8.9]? Solar log number abundance from Kepler-100 & -130 setphys.abundfloatnullablef_logN-3[b] b = Not corrected for hfsmeta.codechar