J/ApJ/814/130ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/814/130doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18140130CDSMulders G.D.Pascucci I.Apai D.2018-01-02T13:43:27Z2016-03-29T13:32:39ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsolar-system-planetsmultiple-starsstellar-spectral-typesTrends in the planet population with host star mass provide an avenue to constrain planet formation theories. We derive the planet radius distribution function for Kepler stars of different spectral types, sampling a range in host star masses. We find that M dwarf stars have 3.5 times more small planets (1.0-2.8R_{Earth}_) than main-sequence FGK stars, but two times fewer Neptune-sized and larger (>2.8R_{Earth}_) planets. We find no systematic trend in the planet size distribution between spectral types F, G, and K to explain the increasing occurrence rates. Taking into account the mass-radius relationship and heavy-element mass of observed exoplanets, and assuming those are independent of spectral type, we derive the inventory of the heavy-element mass locked up in exoplanets at short orbits. The overall higher planet occurrence rates around M stars are not consistent with the redistribution of the same mass into more, smaller planets. At the orbital periods and planet radii where Kepler observations are complete for all spectral types, the average heavy-element mass locked up in exoplanets increases roughly inversely with stellar mass from 4M_{Earth}_ in F stars to 5M_{Earth}_in G and K stars to 7M_{Earth}_ in M stars. This trend stands in stark contrast with observed protoplanetary disk masses that decrease toward lower mass stars, and provides a challenge for current planet formation models. Neither models of in situ formation nor migration of fully formed planets are consistent with these results. Instead, these results are indicative of large-scale inward migration of planetary building blocks --either through type-I migration or radial drift of dust grains-- that is more efficient for lower mass stars, but does not result in significantly larger or smaller planets.2015ApJ...814..130Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/814/130CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/810/95 : Kepler pipeline S/N studies II. 2011 data (Christiansen+, 2015)J/ApJ/809/8 : Terrestrial planet occurrence rates for KOIs (Burke+, 2015)J/ApJ/808/187 : Metallicities of KIC stars without planets (Buchhave+, 2015)J/ApJ/807/45 : Potentially habitable planets around M dwarfs (Dressing+, 2015)J/ApJ/806/183 : Planet radii of Kepler Object of Interest (Wolfgang+, 2015)J/ApJS/217/31 : Kepler planetary candidates. VI. 4yr Q1-Q16 (Mullally+, 2015)J/ApJ/800/135 : HARPS-N radial velocities of KOI-69 (Dressing+, 2015)J/ApJS/211/2 : Revised properties of Q1-16 Kepler targets (Huber+, 2014)J/ApJS/210/19 : Kepler planetary candidates. IV. 22 months (Burke+, 2014)J/ApJS/208/9 : Intrinsic colors and temperatures of PMS stars (Pecaut+, 2013)J/ApJ/773/168 : Submm fluxes of very low-mass stars and BDs (Mohanty+, 2013)J/ApJ/771/129 : Submillimetric Class II sources of Taurus (Andrews+, 2013)J/ApJ/770/69 : Kepler planet candidates radii (Petigura+, 2013)J/ApJ/767/95 : Improved stellar param. of smallest KIC stars (Dressing+, 2013)J/PASP/124/1279 : Q3 Kepler's combined photometry (Christiansen+, 2012)J/ApJ/758/31 : IR photometry for members of Upper Sco (Luhman+, 2012)J/other/Nat/486.375 : Stellar parameters of KOI stars (Buchhave+, 2012)J/other/Nat/481.167 : 2002-2007 PLANET microlensing events (Assan+, 2012)J/ApJS/197/8 : Kepler's cand. multiple transiting planets (Lissauer+, 2011)J/ApJ/728/117 : Kepler planetary candidates. I. (Borucki+, 2011)J/other/Sci/330.653 : Detected planets in the Eta-Earth Survey (Howard+, 2010)J/ApJS/190/1 : A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)J/A+A/487/373 : Spectroscopic parameters of 451 HARPS-GTO stars (Sousa+, 2008)J/AJ/129/1049 : Mm and sub-mm obs. of solar-type stars (Carpenter+, 2005)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/814/130https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/814/130http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/814/130https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/814/130https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/814/130http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/814/130GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/814/130/table1 (Planet occurrence rates per KOI)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/814/130/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/814/130/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/814/130/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true286.808458349.31638890.0055555555555555564/922 923 933 934 935 944 945 946 5/3645 3646 3647 3683 3704 3706 3729 3730 3731 3788 3789 3792 3793 6/14567 14573 14575 14577 14578 14579 14730 14731 14744 14746 14749 14750 14751 14792 14794 14795 14828 14830 14914 14915 15040 15041 15043 15044 15045 15057 15059 15060 15061 15062 15160 15161 15176 15178 15200 15232https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/814/130?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/814/130/table1Planet occurrence rates per KOIrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler identification number of the starmeta.id.parentintKOI[0001.01/6248.01] Kepler Object of Interest Identifiermeta.id;meta.maindoubleRpPlanet Radiuscmphys.size.radiusdoublePer[0.3/700.1] Orbital Perioddtime.periodfloatfocc[0/0.4] Planet occurrence rate in entire samplestat.fit.paramdoubleTeff[2703/9565] Stellar Effective TemperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintSpT[FGKM] Stellar MK spectral typesrc.spTypecharfoccST[0/2.6]? Planet occurrence rate per spectral typestat.fit.paramdoublenullableM15Display KOI data from Mullally+, 2015, J/ApJS/217/31, if anymeta.ref.urlintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions of KIC stars from http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions of KIC stars from http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main