J/ApJ/814/1ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/814/1doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18140001CDSLaskar T.Berger E.Margutti R.Perley D.Zauderer B.A.Sari R.,Fong W.-F.2017-06-30T05:48:12Z2016-03-22T12:44:00ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgamma-ray-astronomyx-ray-sourcesultraviolet-astronomyspectral-energy-distributionmillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomyWe present multi-wavelength observations and modeling of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) that exhibit a simultaneous re-brightening in their X-ray and optical light curves, and are also detected at radio wavelengths. We show that the re-brightening episodes can be modeled by injection of energy into the blastwave and that in all cases the energy injection rate falls within the theoretical bounds expected for a distribution of energy with ejecta Lorentz factor. Our measured values of the circumburst density, jet opening angle, and beaming-corrected kinetic energy are consistent with the distribution of these parameters for long-duration GRBs at both z~1 and z>~6, suggesting that the jet launching mechanism and environment of these events are similar to that of GRBs that do not have bumps in their light curves. However, events exhibiting re-brightening episodes have lower radiative efficiencies than average, suggesting that a majority of the kinetic energy of the outflow is carried by slow-moving ejecta, which is further supported by steep measured distributions of the ejecta energy as a function of Lorentz factor. We do not find evidence for reverse shocks over the energy injection period, implying that the onset of energy injection is a gentle process. We further show that GRBs exhibiting simultaneous X-ray and optical re-brightenings are likely the tail of a distribution of events with varying rates of energy injection, forming the most extreme events in their class. Future X-ray observations of GRB afterglows with Swift and its successors will thus likely discover several more such events, while radio follow-up and multi-wavelength modeling of similar events will unveil the role of energy injection in GRB afterglows.2015ApJ...814....1Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/814/1CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toVIII/76 : Leiden/Argentine/Bonn (LAB) Survey of Galactic HI (Kalberla+ 2005)J/A+A/581/A125 : UV/Optical/NIR spectroscopy GRB hosts (Kruehler+, 2015)J/A+A/557/A12 : Optical light curves of {gamma}-ray bursts (Zaninoni+, 2013)J/ApJS/209/20 : Swift GRB catalog with X-ray data (Grupe+, 2013)J/ApJ/774/157 : Swift GRBs with X-ray afterglows and z<9.5 (Dainotti+, 2013)J/MNRAS/428/729 : GRB Swift X-ray light curves analysis (Margutti+, 2013)J/ApJS/199/18 : The Fermi GBM catalog (Paciesas+, 2012)J/ApJ/746/170 : Follow-up resources for high-redshift GRBs (Morgan+, 2012)J/MNRAS/421/1874 : GRB 100901A and GRB 100906A light curves (Gorbovskoy+, 2012)J/MNRAS/397/1177 : Swift-XRT observations of GRBs (Evans+, 2009)J/AJ/130/873 : BQS objects data in the SDSS DR3 area (Jester+, 2005)http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/W3Browse/fermi/fermigbrst.html : Fermi GBM burstshttp://www.swift.ac.uk/xrt_positions/ : Swift-XRT GRB positionshttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/814/1https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/814/1http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/814/1https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/814/1https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/814/1http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/814/1GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapGamma-rayX-rayUVRadiodefaultJ/ApJ/814/1/table6Swift/UVOT Observations of GRB 100418ADet?[0/1] Detection flag; 1 = Detectionmeta.codeintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintt[0.001/34.4] Time since discovery; t-t_0_dtime.epochdoubleFiltFilter used in the observation White, u, b, v, uvm2, uvw1 or uvw2)instr.setup;obscharFreq[5.5e+14/1.5e+15] Frequency of Filter peakHzem.freq;stat.maxdoubleFlux[1.3/291] Flux density (1)uJyphot.flux.densityfloate_Flux[0.3/76] Uncertainty in FluxuJystat.error;phot.fluxfloatJ/ApJ/814/1/table2Optical Observations of GRB 120326ArecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintt[0.0002/21.4] Time since discovery; t-t_0_dtime.epochdoubleObsObservatory identifiermeta.id;instr.obstycharT/ITelescope/Instrument descriptionmeta.notecharFiltFilter used in the observation (CR, JHK, RI, RcIc, g'r'i'z', bv or Y')instr.setup;obscharFreq[1.3e+14/7e+14] Effective frequencyHzem.freqfloatFlux[1.6/4040] Flux density (1)uJyphot.flux.densityfloate_Flux[0.09/1350] Uncertainty in FluxuJystat.error;phot.fluxfloatDet?[0/1] Detection flag; 1 = Detectionmeta.codeintAutFirst author's name(s) of the reference (2)meta.bib.authorcharBibCodeBibcode of the reference (2)meta.bib.bibcodecharJ/ApJ/814/1/table1Swift/UVOT Observations of GRB 120326ArecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintt[0.001/19.5] Time since discovery; t-t_0_dtime.epochdoubleFiltFilter used in the observation (White, u, b, v, uvm2, uvw1 or uvw2)instr.setup;obscharFreq[5.5e+14/1.5e+15] Frequency of Filter peakHzem.freq;stat.maxdoubleFlux[0.2/150] Flux density (1)uJyphot.flux.densityfloate_Flux[0.5/15] Uncertainty in FluxuJystat.error;phot.fluxfloatDet?[0/1] Detection flag; 1 = Detectionmeta.codeintJ/ApJ/814/1/table3Millimeter and Radio Observations of GRB 120326Al_FluxLimit flag on Fluxmeta.code.error;phot.fluxcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDateUT date of the observationtime.epoch;obsnullablet[0.5/122.1] Time since discovery; t-t_0_dtime.epochfloatObsObservatory identifier (CARMA, SMA or VLA/B, VLA/C) (1)meta.id;instr.obstycharFreq[5/222] Frequency of the observationGHzem.freq;obsfloatInt[4.5/386] Integration timemintime.expofloatFlux[0.05/3.4] Flux densitymJyphot.flux.densityfloate_Flux[0.01/0.9] The 1{sigma} statistical uncertainty in FluxmJystat.error;phot.fluxfloatDet?[0/1] Detection flag; 1 = Detectionmeta.codeintJ/ApJ/814/1/table8Optical Observations of GRB 100901ArecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintt[0.0002/21.4] Time since discovery; t-t_0_dtime.epochdoubleObsObservatory identifiermeta.id;instr.obstycharT/ITelescope/Instrument descriptionmeta.notecharFiltFilter used in the observation (CR, JHK, RI, RcIc, g'r'i'z', bv or Y')instr.setup;obscharFreq[1.3e+14/7e+14] Effective frequencyHzem.freqfloatFlux[1.6/4040] Flux density (1)uJyphot.flux.densityfloate_Flux[0.09/1350] Uncertainty in FluxuJystat.error;phot.fluxfloatDet?[0/1] Detection flag; 1 = Detectionmeta.codeintAutFirst author's name(s) of the reference (2)meta.bib.authorcharBibCodeBibcode of the reference (2)meta.bib.bibcodecharJ/ApJ/814/1/table7Swift/UVOT Observations of GRB 100901ArecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintt[0.001/34.4] Time since discovery; t-t_0_dtime.epochdoubleFiltFilter used in the observation White, u, b, v, uvm2, uvw1 or uvw2)instr.setup;obscharFreq[5.5e+14/1.5e+15] Frequency of Filter peakHzem.freq;stat.maxdoubleFlux[1.3/291] Flux density (1)uJyphot.flux.densityfloate_Flux[0.3/76] Uncertainty in FluxuJystat.error;phot.fluxfloatDet?[0/1] Detection flag; 1 = Detectionmeta.codeint