J/ApJ/809/8ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/809/8doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18090008CDSBurke C.J.Christiansen J.L.Mullally F.Seader S.Huber D.Rowe J.F.,Coughlin J.L.Thompson S.E.Catanzarite J.Clarke B.D.Morton T.D.,Caldwell D.A.Bryson S.T.Haas M.R.Batalha N.M.Jenkins J.M.,Tenenbaum P.Twicken J.D.Li J.Quintana E.Barclay T.Henze C.E.,Borucki W.J.Howell S.B.Still M.2017-10-09T13:34:44Z2016-01-11T12:52:34ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starssolar-system-planetsWe measure planet occurrence rates using the planet candidates discovered by the Q1-Q16 Kepler pipeline search. This study examines planet occurrence rates for the Kepler GK dwarf target sample for planet radii, 0.75<=Rp<=2.5R_{Earth}_, and orbital periods, 50<=Porb<=300days, with an emphasis on a thorough exploration and identification of the most important sources of systematic uncertainties. Integrating over this parameter space, we measure an occurrence rate of F_0_=0.77 planets per star, with an allowed range of 0.3<=F0<=1.9. The allowed range takes into account both statistical and systematic uncertainties, and values of F_0_ beyond the allowed range are significantly in disagreement with our analysis. We generally find higher planet occurrence rates and a steeper increase in planet occurrence rates toward small planets than previous studies of the Kepler GK dwarf sample. Through extrapolation, we find that the one year orbital period terrestrial planet occurrence rate {zeta}_1.0_=0.1, with an allowed range of 0.01<={zeta}_1.0_<=2, where {zeta}_1.0_ is defined as the number of planets per star within 20% of the Rp and Porb of Earth. For G dwarf hosts, the {zeta}_1.0_ parameter space is a subset of the larger {eta}_{Earth}_ parameter space, thus {zeta}_1.0_ places a lower limit on {eta}_{Earth}_ for G dwarf hosts. From our analysis, we identify the leading sources of systematics impacting Kepler occurrence rate determinations as reliability of the planet candidate sample, planet radii, pipeline completeness, and stellar parameters.2015ApJ...809....8Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/809/8CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)J/ApJ/808/194 : Performance of exoplanet search space missions (Leger+, 2015)J/ApJ/807/45 : Habitable zones around M dwarfs (Dressing+, 2015)J/ApJ/806/183 : Planet radii of Kepler Object of Interest (Wolfgang+, 2015)J/ApJS/217/31 : Kepler planetary candidates. VI. 4yr Q1-Q16 (Mullally+, 2015)J/ApJS/217/18 : Potential transit signals in Kepler Q1-Q17 (Seader+, 2015)J/ApJ/799/180 : Radii of KOI Earth- to Neptune-sized planets (Silburt+, 2015)J/A+A/566/A103 : Kepler planet host candidates imaging (Lillo-Box+, 2014)J/AJ/147/119 : Sources in the Kepler field of view (Coughlin+, 2014)J/ApJS/211/2 : Revised properties of Q1-16 Kepler targets (Huber+, 2014)J/ApJ/784/45 : Kepler's multiple planet candidates. III. (Rowe+, 2014)J/ApJS/210/19 : Kepler planetary candidates. IV. 22 months (Burke+, 2014)J/ApJS/207/35 : Kepler pipeline signal-to-noise studies (Christiansen+, 2013)J/ApJ/771/107 : Spectroscopy of faint KOI stars (Everett+, 2013)J/ApJ/770/69 : Kepler planet candidates radii (Petigura+, 2013)J/ApJ/767/95 : Improved parameters of smallest KIC stars (Dressing+, 2013)J/A+A/549/A109 : HARPS XXXI. The M-dwarf sample (Bonfils+, 2013)J/PASP/124/1279 : Q3 Kepler's combined photometry (Christiansen+, 2012)J/ApJ/757/141 : Companion IR detections in young associations (Kraus+, 2012)J/ApJ/753/90 : Parameters of K5 and later type Kepler stars (Mann+, 2012)J/ApJ/750/L37 : Stellar parameters of low-mass KOIs (Muirhead+, 2012)J/ApJS/199/30 : Effective temperature for KIC stars (Pinsonneault+, 2012)J/ApJS/199/24 : The first three quarters of Kepler mission (Tenenbaum+, 2012)J/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)J/ApJ/738/170 : False positive Kepler planet candidates (Morton+, 2011)J/other/Sci/330.653 : Detected planets in the Eta-Earth Survey (Howard+, 2010)J/ApJ/646/505 : Catalog of nearby exoplanets (Butler+, 2006)J/ApJ/622/1102 : The planet-metallicity correlation. (Fischer+, 2005)http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ : NASA exoplanet archivehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/809/8https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/809/8http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/809/8https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/809/8https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/809/8http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/809/8GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/809/8/table3 (Q1-Q16 planet candidate samples)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/809/8/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/809/8/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/809/8/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true297.4537541.0110.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/809/8/table1 (Kepler GK dwarf target samples)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/809/8/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/809/8/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/809/8/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true291.137636.57738110.0055555555555555564/922 923 933 934 935 944 945 946 5/3645 3646 3647 3683 3704 3706 3729 3730 3731 3760 3765 3788 3789 3792 3793 6/14559 14567 14573 14575 14577 14578 14579 14730 14731 14738 14744 14746 14747 14749 14750 14751 14792 14794 14795 14822 14828 14830 14831 14914 14915 15044 15045 15056 15057 15059 15160 15161 15164 15176 15177 15178 15200 15202 15232 15233https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/809/8?format=asciidefaultJ/ApJ/809/8/table3Q1-Q16 planet candidate samplesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler identification number of the starmeta.id.parentintKOI[12.01/6251.01] Kepler Object of Interestmeta.id;meta.mainfloatBaseIn Baseline sample (1:True)meta.codeintOriIn Original KIC sample (1:True)meta.codeintHighIn High reliability sample (1:True)meta.codeintFullIn Full long period sample (1:True)meta.codeintTrimIn Trimmed long period sample (1:True)meta.codeintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPosition from exoplanet archive (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition from exoplanet archive (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/809/8/table4Planet distribution function (PLDF) model parameter posterior samplesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintalpha1[-20/20] Powerlaw exponent for Rp below Rbrkstat.fit.paramdoublealpha2[-20/20] Powerlaw exponent for Rp above Rbrkstat.fit.paramdoubleRbrk[0.7/2.5] Break location for broken powerlaw in planet radiusphys.size.radiusdoubleBeta[-1.4/-0.1] Powerlaw exponent for orbital periodstat.fit.paramdoubleF0[0.4/1.8] Normalization factorstat.fit.paramdoubleLnLike[-1164/-1151] Natural log of the likelihoodstat.likelihooddoubleLnPrior[-11.4/-11.3] Natural log of the Priorstat.fit.paramdoubleJ/ApJ/809/8/table1Kepler GK dwarf target samplesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKIC[757450/12984422] Kepler identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintprimaryBaseIn Baseline sample (1:True; 0:False)meta.codeintOriIn Original KIC sample (1:True; 0:False)meta.codeintNpNumber of planet candidate for this star in table 3meta.numberintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPosition from KIC catalog (V/133) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexed_DEPosition from KIC catalog (V/133) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedJ/ApJ/809/8/table8Model parameter posterior percentiles for alternative analysesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDAnalysis identification stringmeta.id;obs.paramcharPPcPosterior percentile%stat.fit.paramfloatF0[0.3/21.5] Normalization factorstat.fit.paramfloatalpha[-6.6/2.3] Powerlaw exponent for planet radius averaged over parameter spacestat.fit.paramfloatBeta[-2.3/3] Powerlaw exponent for orbital periodstat.fit.paramfloat