J/ApJ/809/161ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/809/161doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18090161CDSNunez A.Agueros M.A.Covey K.R.Hartman J.D.Kraus A.L.Bowsher E.C.,Douglas S.T.Lopez-Morales M.Pooley D.A.Posselt B.Saar S.H.,West A.A.2017-01-23T22:00:00Z2016-01-14T15:48:41ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frx-ray-sourcesinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomybroad-band-photometryastronomical-object-identificationopen-star-clustersstellar-massesEmpirical calibrations of the stellar age-rotation-activity relation (ARAR) rely on observations of the co-eval populations of stars in open clusters. We used the Chandra X-ray Observatory to study M37, a 500-Myr-old open cluster that has been extensively surveyed for rotation periods (P_rot_). M37 was observed almost continuously for five days, for a total of 440.5ks, to measure stellar X-ray luminosities (L_X_), a proxy for coronal activity, across a wide range of masses. The cluster's membership catalog was revisited to calculate updated membership probabilities from photometric data and each star's distance to the cluster center. The result is a comprehensive sample of 1699 M37 members: 426 with P_rot_, 278 with X-ray detections, and 76 with both. We calculate Rossby numbers, R_0_=P_rot_/{tau}, where {tau} is the convective turnover time, and ratios of the X-ray-to-bolometric luminosity, L_X_/L_bol_, to minimize mass dependencies in our characterization of the rotation-coronal activity relation at 500Myr. We find that fast rotators, for which R_0_<0.09+/-0.01, show saturated levels of activity, with log(L_X_/L_bol_)=-3.06+/-0.04. For R_0_>=0.09+/-0.01, activity is unsaturated and follows a power law of the form R_0_^{beta}^, where {beta}=-2.03^+0.17^_-1.14_. This is the largest sample available for analyzing the dependence of coronal emission on rotation for a single-aged population, covering stellar masses in the range 0.4-1.3M_{sun}_, P_rot_ in the range 0.4-12.8 days, and L_X_ in the range 10^28.4-30.5^erg/s. Our results make M37 a new benchmark open cluster for calibrating the ARAR at ages of ~500Myr.2015ApJ...809..161Nhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/809/161CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/AJ/145/143 : XMM observations of {alpha} Per (Pillitteri+, 2013)J/MNRAS/426/3403 : UKIDSS-GCS {alpha} Per members (Lodieu+, 2012)J/ApJ/743/48 : Stellar rotation periods & X-ray luminosities (Wright+, 2011)J/ApJS/195/10 : The CDF-S survey: 4Ms source catalogs (Xue+, 2011)J/ApJ/733/L9 : Stellar rotation for 71 NGC 6811 members (Meibom+, 2011)J/MNRAS/400/299 : Chandra deep protocluster survey (Lehmer+, 2009)J/ApJ/691/342 : griBVI photometry in M37 (Hartman+, 2009)J/ApJ/687/1264 : Age estimation for solar-type dwarfs (Mamajek+, 2008)J/A+A/490/113 : X-ray sources in NGC 752 (Giardino+, 2008)J/AJ/136/118 : Open clusters as galactic disk tracers. I. (Frinchaboy+, 2008)J/A+A/485/303 : Radial velocities for 1309 stars & 166 OCl (Mermilliod+, 2008)J/A+A/483/253 : BV photometry of NGC 2099 variables (Messina+, 2008)J/ApJ/675/1254 : M37 variable stars (Hartman+, 2008)J/ApJ/675/1233 : gri photometry in M37 (NGC 2099) (Hartman+, 2008)J/AJ/134/2340 : Praesepe & Coma Berenices clusters' membership (Kraus+, 2007)J/MNRAS/380/712 : ZYJHK photometry in Pleiades (Lodieu+, 2007)J/ApJS/169/401 : ChaMP X-ray point source catalog (Kim+, 2007)J/AJ/130/873 : Properties of BQS objects in the SDSS DR3 area (Jester+, 2005)J/MNRAS/342/1241 : Low-mass stars in M45 and M44 (Pinfield+, 2003)J/A+A/397/147 : Activity-rotation relationship in stars (Pizzolato+ 2003)J/A+A/388/168 : Absolute proper motions of 93 open clusters (Dias+, 2002)J/A+A/381/65 : BVI photometry of NGC 2099 (Nilakshi+, 2002)J/A+A/341/751 : ROSAT HRI observations of the Pleiades (Micela+ 1999)J/AN/319/215 : Alpha Per cluster low-mass members. II. (Prosser+, 1998)J/A+A/335/183 : Pleiades low-mass stars rotational velocities (Queloz+ 1998)J/A+A/331/81 : Hyades membership (Perryman+ 1998)J/ApJS/102/75 : ROSAT Observations of the Pleiades (Micela+ 1996)J/ApJ/448/683 : Hyades RASS observations (Stern+ 1995)J/ApJ/348/557 : X-ray studies of stars in the Pleiades (Micela+, 1990)J/ApJ/315/687 : X-Ray emission from solar-type stars: F and G (Maggio+, 1987)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/809/161https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/809/161http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/809/161https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/809/161https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/809/161http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/809/161GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/809/161/table5 (Catalog of optical objects: basic properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/809/161/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/809/161/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/809/161/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true87.821232.71070.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/809/161/table3 (Chandra catalog: basic source properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/809/161/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/809/161/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/809/161/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true87.8869861132.6578950.0055555555555555566/24520 24522https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/809/161?format=asciiX-rayInfraredOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/809/161/table5Catalog of optical objects: basic propertiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintOIDOptical ID from Hartman+, 2008, J/ApJ/675/1233meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right ascension of object (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination of object (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.maingmag[10.5/25.5]? g magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Bfloatnullablee_gmag[0.005/0.03]? g magnitude standard deviationmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.Bfloatnullablermag[9.9/24.5]? r magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullablee_rmag[0.005/0.3]? r magnitude standard deviationmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullableimag[9.3/24.4]? i magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatnullablee_imag[0.006/0.04]? i magnitude standard deviationmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullablePer[0.04/20]? Rotation perioddtime.periodfloatnullablef_Per? Rotation period flag (1)meta.codefloatnullablePsProbability that object is single membermeta.code.memberfloatPbProbability that object is likely binary membermeta.code.memberfloatPmemProbability that object is member (2)meta.code.memberfloatMass[0.1/3.8]? Stellar masssolMassphys.massfloatnullabletau[10.2/185.5]? Convective turnover timedtime.intervalfloatnullableLbol? Bolometric luminosity1e-07Wphys.luminositydoublenullablee_Lbol? Standard deviation of Lbol1e-07Wstat.errordoublenullableXID[1/1013]? ID of X-ray matchmeta.idintnullableO-X[0/7.2]? Offset between optical object and X-ray matcharcsecpos.angDistancefloatnullableME08[59/7941]? ID of ME08 (Messina+, 2008, J/A+A/483/253) matchmeta.id.crossintnullableRAMdeg? Right Ascension of ME08 match (J2000)degpos.eq.ranullableDEMdeg? Declination of ME08 match (J2000)degpos.eq.decnullableoME08[1.5/9.6]? Offset between optical object and ME08 matcharcsecpos.angDistancedoublenullableOPmem? Original Pmem (3)stat.fit.goodnessfloatnullableOTObject type from literature (4)src.classcharONameOther identification (5)meta.idcharJ/ApJ/809/161/table3Chandra catalog: basic source propertiesNote? Additional notes (3)meta.notecharASource anomalies (1)meta.codecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[1/1018] X-ray catalog XID sequence numbermeta.idintCXOUIAU designation (HHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s; J2000)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right ascension of X-ray source (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination of X-ray source (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.maine_Pos[0.1/19] 80% confidence level X-ray positional uncertaintyarcsecstat.errordoubletheta[0.3/18] Off-axis angle of X-ray sourcearcmininstr.offsetfloatFcts[2/5020] Net source counts in the 0.5-7keV band (ct-f)ctphot.count;em.X-rayfloatE_Fcts1-sigma upper bound of ct-fctstat.error;stat.maxfloate_Fcts1-sigma lower bound of ct-fctstat.errorfloatScts[-2/3171] Net source counts in the 0.5-2keV band (ct-s)ctphot.count;em.X-rayfloatE_Scts1-sigma upper bound of ct-sctstat.error;stat.maxfloate_Scts? 1-sigma lower bound of ct-sctstat.errorfloatnullableHcts[-8/1899] Net source counts in the 2-7keV band (ct-h)ctphot.count;em.X-rayfloatE_Hcts1-sigma upper bound of ct-hctstat.error;stat.maxfloate_Hcts? 1-sigma lower bound of ct-hctstat.errorfloatnullableF0.5-7Absorbed energy flux in the 0.5-7 keV bandmW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoubleF0.5-2? Absorbed energy flux in the 0.5-2 keV bandmW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublenullableF2-7? Absorbed energy flux in the 2-7 keV bandmW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublenullableEmed[0.7/6.4] Median photon energy in the 0.5-7keV bandkeVem.energyfloatPSFfFraction of the PSF enclosed within extraction regioninstr.det.psffloatLX? X-ray luminosity in the 0.1-2.4 keV band1e-07Wphys.luminosity;em.X-raydoublenullablee_LX? standard deviation of LX1e-07Wstat.errordoublenullablelogP[0/0.005] Logarithmic probability P that extracted X-ray counts are solely from backgroundstat.fit.goodnessdoubleSNR[0.7/63.3] ct-f divided by E_ct-fstat.snrdoubleVarVariability based on K-S statistic (2)meta.code;src.varcharOID? ID of optical match from Hartman+, 2008, J/ApJ/675/1233meta.id.crosscharRAOdeg? Right Ascension of optical match (J2000)degpos.eq.ranullableDEOdeg? Declination of optical match (J2000)degpos.eq.decnullableX-O[0.02/7.3]? Offset between X-ray source and optical matcharcsecpos.angDistancedoublenullable