J/ApJ/808/194ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/808/194doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18080194CDSLeger A.Defrere D.Malbet F.Labadie L.Absil O.2018-01-04T08:21:43Z2016-01-11T12:21:00ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frastronomical-modelsstellar-distancestellar-spectral-typesapparent-magnitudesolar-system-planetsWe present an analytic model to estimate the capabilities of space missions dedicated to the search for biosignatures in the atmosphere of rocky planets located in the habitable zone of nearby stars. Relations between performance and mission parameters, such as mirror diameter, distance to targets, and radius of planets, are obtained. Two types of instruments are considered: coronagraphs observing in the visible, and nulling interferometers in the thermal infrared. Missions considered are: single-pupil coronagraphs with a 2.4m primary mirror, and formation-flying interferometers with 4x0.75m collecting mirrors. The numbers of accessible planets are calculated as a function of {eta}_Earth_. When Kepler gives its final estimation for {eta}_Earth_, the model will permit a precise assessment of the potential of each instrument. Based on current estimations, {eta}_Earth_=10% around FGK stars and 50% around M stars, the coronagraph could study in spectroscopy only ~1.5 relevant planets, and the interferometer ~14.0. These numbers are obtained under the major hypothesis that the exozodiacal light around the target stars is low enough for each instrument. In both cases, a prior detection of planets is assumed and a target list established. For the long-term future, building both types of spectroscopic instruments, and using them on the same targets, will be the optimal solution because they provide complementary information. But as a first affordable space mission, the interferometer looks the more promising in terms of biosignature harvest.2015ApJ...808..194Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/808/194CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/311 : Hipparcos, the New Reduction (van Leeuwen, 2007)J/ApJ/799/180 : Radii of KOI Earth- to Neptune-sized planets (Silburt+, 2015)J/A+A/567/A133 : Habitable zone code (Valle+, 2014)J/ApJ/771/L45 : 3D climate models for exoplanet around M-star (Yang+, 2013)J/ApJ/770/90 : Candidate planets in the habitable zones (Gaidos, 2013)J/ApJS/204/24 : Kepler planetary candidates. III. (Batalha+, 2013)J/A+A/549/A109 : HARPS XXXI. The M-dwarf sample (Bonfils+, 2013)J/ApJ/736/L25 : Habitability of Kepler planetary cand. (Kaltenegger+, 2011)J/ApJ/736/19 : Kepler planetary candidates. II. (Borucki+, 2011)J/ApJ/716/1336 : Stability analysis of single-planet (Kopparapu+, 2010)J/A+A/505/859 : M dwarfs radial velocities (Zechmeister+, 2009)http://exep.jpl.nasa.gov/exnps/index.html : ExNPS reporthttp://wfirst.gsfc.nasa.gov/ : Wide-Field IR Survey Telescope webpagehttp://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Engineering_Technology/Proba_Missions/: Proba Missions home pagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/808/194https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/808/194http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/808/194https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/808/194https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/808/194http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/808/194GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/808/194/table8 (M stars for 1yr observations with a 4x0.75m interferometer)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/808/194/table8?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/808/194/table8?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/808/194/table8?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true217.4289522-62.67948970.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/808/194/table9 (FGK stars for 4yr observations with a 4x0.75m interferometer)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/808/194/table9?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/808/194/table9?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/808/194/table9?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true219.8960964-60.83752750.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/808/194/table2 (Integration times divided by c for FGK stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/808/194/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/808/194/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/808/194/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true219.8960964-60.83752750.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/808/194/table3 (Possible target list for a 2.4m coronagraph)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/808/194/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/808/194/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/808/194/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true219.8960964-60.83752750.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/808/194/table7 (Integration times divided by d for G stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/808/194/table7?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/808/194/table7?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/808/194/table7?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true219.9020583-60.83399280.0055555555555555566/4 137 307 377 447 497 684 689 811 993 1033 1212 1341 1504 1672 1822 1875 1896 1911 1938 2014 2127 2317 2472 2476 2515 2724 2737 2747 2923 3005 3020 3088 3102 3118 3345 3638 3639 3715 3719 3791 4250 4336 4366 4808 5009 5207 5304 5420 5514 5522 5534 5670 5676 5802 5853 6066 6073 6154 6219 6226 6316 6339 6346 6384 6490 6672 6726 6766 6926 7129 7205 7238 7264 7471 7512 7611 7665 7763 7772 8023 8094 8123 8440 8466 8476 8627 8767 8788 8845 8915 9128 9327 9339 9403 9476 9585 9696 9801 9811 10027 10149 10225 10313 10375 10457 10467 10683 10735 10812 10899 10928 11034 11120 11142 11177 11276 11290 11403 11405 11534 11620 11633 11636 11671 11806 11919 12330 12340 12616 12621 12679 12944 13301 13308 13440 13512 13559 13693 13743 13960 14266 14277 14278 14294 14419 14456 14522 14539 14906 15052 15311 15583 15597 15602 15621 15861 15960 15962 16069 16105 16213 16391 16692 17017 17028 17058 17425 17870 17875 18139 18396 18496 18553 18666 18802 18826 19064 19323 19466 19556 19585 19912 20100 20145 20278 20328 20701 20753 20886 20896 20940 21060 21136 21149 21151 21177 21285 21289 21484 21568 21726 22040 22148 22277 22289 22300 22309 22626 22708 22807 22813 22818 22836 23056 23137 23190 23230 23369 23660 23661 23731 23774 23820 23867 23952 23960 24028 24117 24151 24160 24212 24227 24239 24713 24729 24777 24793 24924 25056 25091 25125 25192 25199 25281 25407 25820 25869 25966 25989 26174 26216 26379 26462 26521 26555 26560 26583 26772 26972 26975 27088 27166 27201 27204 27289 27374 27392 27730 27822 27884 27954 27973 27980 28018 28122 28341 28343 28352 28548 28605 28646 28664 28696 28955 28987 29084 29212 29684 30176 30257 30339 30429 30475 30490 30505 30529 30543 30626 30665 30771 30833 30878 30965 31011 31014 31073 31087 31101 31191 31393 31433 31448 31478 31751 31781 31929 32052 32055 32192 32335 32491 32500 32645 32757 32930 33243 33281 33425 33442 33467 33552 33582 33717 33813 33849 33965 33976 34054 34147 34181 34345 34446 34817 34896 35064 35079 35080 35150 35351 35474 35670 35753 35948 36145 36248 36288 36365 36446 36483 36511 36664 36693 36697 36735 36983 37020 37379 37408 37595 37654 37902 38219 38238 38456 38461 38551 38558 38675 38893 39059 39154 39284 39441 39499 39500 39709 39807 39829 40078 40242 40250 40430 40436 40692 40811 40932 41058 41136 41272 41397 41460 41463 41565 41591 41687 41763 41888 41941 42022 42054 42101 42248 42255 42285 42290 42314 42426 42459 42595 42652 42700 42760 42784 43010 43187 43850 43851 44013 44284 44482 44541 44681 44860 44921 44937 45032 45164 45269 45317 45322 45334 45412 45485 45543 45564 45668 45669 45673 45941 45982 46131 46244 46247 46566 46598 46632 46640 46776 46925 46939 46956 47137 47165 47390 47414 47589 47740 47742 47758 48263 48274 48355 48444 48589 48652 48705 48768 48788 48906https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/808/194?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/808/194/table8M stars for 1yr observations with a 4x0.75m interferometerSpTMK spectral typesrc.spTypecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHIP[428/118212] Hipparcos identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintNameCommon namemeta.idcharDist[1.3/20] Distancepcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatVmag[5.5/11.7] Apparent V band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatLBol[0.0008/3.5] Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminositydoubleHZ[20/133] Angular distance between mean HZ and starmaspos.angDistance;stat.meanfloatTeff[2425/6504] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintt[0.001/66] Required integration timeyrtime.expodoublei[1/180] Target rankmeta.idintSt[0.001/2360] Cumulative timeyrtime.expodoubleAllDisplay data from other tables for this HIP starmeta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/808/194/table9FGK stars for 4yr observations with a 4x0.75m interferometerrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHIP[169/120005] Hipparcos identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintNameCommon identifiermeta.idcharSep[10/400]? Companion separation (1)arcsecpos.angDistancefloatnullableDist[1/16] Distancepcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatHZ[6/984] Angular distance between mean HZ and starmaspos.angDistance;stat.meanintVmag[-0.01/12.2] Apparent V band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatLBol[0.01/12] Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloatSpTMK spectral typesrc.spTypecharTeff[3335/7109] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveinti[1/200] Target rankmeta.idintt[0.002/26.2] Required integration timeyrtime.expodoubleSt[0.002/2370] Cumulative timeyrtime.expodoubleAllDisplay data from other tables for this HIP starmeta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/808/194/table2Integration times divided by c for FGK starsNameCommon identifiermeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHIP[171/120005] Hipparcos identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintDist[1.2/15] Distancepcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatVmag[-1.5/10] Apparent V band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatLBol[0.004/235.4] Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloatSpTMK spectral typesrc.spTypecharrhoTransmission at HZ anglephys.transmission;instr.filterdoublet/cIntegration time divided by c (1)yrtime.expodoublei[1/200] Target rankmeta.idintSt/cCumulative time divided by c (1)yrtime.expodoubleAllDisplay data from other tables for this HIP starmeta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/808/194/table3Possible target list for a 2.4m coronagraphrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHIP[746/116771] Hipparcos identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintNameCommon identifiermeta.idcharDist[1.2/26.2] Distancepcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatVmag[-1.5/6] Apparent V band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatLBol[0.09/61] Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloatSpTMK spectral typesrc.spTypecharrhoTransmission at HZ anglephys.transmission;instr.filterdoublet[0.05/568] Required integration timeyrtime.expodoublei[1/100] Target rankmeta.idintSt[0.05/17500] Cumulative timeyrtime.expodoubleAllDisplay data from other tables for this HIP starmeta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/808/194/table7Integration times divided by d for G starsSpTMK spectral typesrc.spTypecharTeff[4898/6602] Effective temperaturephys.temperature.effectiveintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHIP[171/113357] Hipparcos identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintNameCommon identifiermeta.idcharSep[10/137]? Double star separationarcsecpos.angDistancefloatnullablef_Sep[b] b: Indicates Sep is for the year 2030meta.codecharDist[1.2/18] Distancepcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatHZ[12/984] Angular distance between mean HZ and starmaspos.angDistance;stat.meanintVmag[-0.01/10] Apparent V band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatLBol[0.04/9.6] Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloatt/d[1/8540] Integration time divided by d (1)yrtime.expodoublei[1/100] Target rankmeta.idintSt/d[1.4/430000] Cumulative time divided by d (1)yrtime.expodoubleAllDisplay data from other tables for this HIP starmeta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main