J/ApJ/807/45ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/807/45doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18070045CDSDressing C.D.Charbonneau D.2017-12-07T07:27:33Z2015-12-10T14:52:47ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsolar-system-planetsmultiple-starsm-starsWe present an improved estimate of the occurrence rate of small planets orbiting small stars by searching the full four-year Kepler data set for transiting planets using our own planet detection pipeline and conducting transit injection and recovery simulations to empirically measure the search completeness of our pipeline. We identified 156 planet candidates, including one object that was not previously identified as a Kepler Object of Interest. We inspected all publicly available follow-up images, observing notes, and centroid analyses, and corrected for the likelihood of false positives. We evaluated the sensitivity of our detection pipeline on a star-by-star basis by injecting 2000 transit signals into the light curve of each target star. For periods shorter than 50 days, we find 0.56^+0.06^_-0.05_ Earth-size planets (1-1.5R_{Earth}_) and 0.46^+0.07^_-0.05_ super-Earths (1.5-2R_{Earth}_) per M dwarf. In total, we estimate a cumulative planet occurrence rate of 2.5+/-0.2 planets per M dwarf with radii 1-4R_{Earth}_ and periods shorter than 200 days. Within a conservatively defined habitable zone (HZ) based on the moist greenhouse inner limit and maximum greenhouse outer limit, we estimate an occurrence rate of 0.16^+0.17^_-0.07_ Earth-size planets and 0.12^+0.10^_-0.05_ super-Earths per M dwarf HZ. Adopting the broader insolation boundaries of the recent Venus and early Mars limits yields a higher estimate of 0.24^+0.18^_-0.08_ Earth-size planets and 0.21^+0.11^_-0.06_ super-Earths per M dwarf HZ. This suggests that the nearest potentially habitable non-transiting and transiting Earth-size planets are 2.6+/-0.4pc and 10.6^+1.6^_-1.8_pc away, respectively. If we include super-Earths, these distances diminish to 2.1+/-0.2pc and 8.6^+0.7^_-0.8_pc.2015ApJ...807...45Dhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/807/45CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)J/ApJ/800/135 : HARPS-N radial velocities of KOI-69 (Dressing+, 2015)J/ApJ/800/85 : Teff, radii and luminosities of cool dwarfs (Newton+, 2015)J/ApJ/799/180 : Radii of KOI Earth- to Neptune-sized planets (Silburt+, 2015)J/AJ/149/5 : Solar neighborhood. XXXV. Dist. to M dwarfs (Winters+, 2015)J/MNRAS/443/2561 : CONCH-SHELL catalog of nearby M dwarfs (Gaidos+, 2014)J/AJ/147/119 : Sources in the Kepler field of view (Coughlin+, 2014)J/A+A/564/A33 : KOI-676 transits for planets b and c (Ioannidis+, 2014)J/ApJS/211/2 : Revised stellar data of Q1-16 Kepler targets (Huber+, 2014)J/ApJ/784/45 : Kepler's multiple planet candidates. III. (Rowe+, 2014)J/ApJS/210/19 : Kepler planetary candidates. IV. 22 months (Burke+, 2014)J/ApJ/779/188 : Spectra of nearby late K and M Kepler stars (Mann+, 2013)J/ApJS/207/35 : Kepler pipeline signal-to-noise studies (Christiansen+, 2013)J/ApJ/771/L45 : 3D climate models for exoplanet around M-star (Yang+, 2013)J/MNRAS/432/1203 : Rotation periods of M-dwarf stars (McQuillan+, 2013)J/ApJ/770/90 : Candidate planets in the habitable zones (Gaidos, 2013)J/ApJ/770/69 : Kepler planet candidates radii (Petigura+, 2013)J/ApJ/770/43 : Spectroscopic [Fe/H] of Kepler stars (Mann+, 2013)J/ApJ/767/127 : Asteroseismic solutions for 77 Kepler stars (Huber+, 2013)J/ApJ/767/95 : Improved parameters of smallest KIC stars (Dressing+, 2013)J/ApJS/204/24 : Kepler planetary candidates. III. (Batalha+, 2013)J/A+A/549/A109 : HARPS XXXI. The M-dwarf sample (Bonfils+, 2013)J/PASP/124/1279 : Q3 Kepler's combined photometry (Christiansen+, 2012)J/ApJ/757/112 : Stellar diameters. II. K and M-stars (Boyajian+, 2012)J/ApJ/753/90 : Parameters of K5 and later type Kepler stars (Mann+, 2012)J/ApJ/750/L37 : Stellar parameters of low-mass KOIs (Muirhead+, 2012)J/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)J/ApJ/738/170 : False positive Kepler planet candidates (Morton+, 2011)http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ : NASA exoplanet archivehttp://archive.stsci.edu/kepler/publiclightcurves.html : MAST Kepler LCshttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/807/45https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/807/45http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/807/45https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/807/45https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/807/45http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/807/45GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/807/45/kic (Star sample; table added by CDS)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/807/45/kic?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/807/45/kic?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/807/45/kic?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true291.3348436.80643810.0055555555555555564/922 923 933 935 944 945 946 5/3646 3647 3683 3704 3706 3729 3730 3731 3739 3789 3792 6/14567 14573 14575 14577 14578 14579 14581 14582 14583 14730 14731 14738 14744 14746 14747 14750 14751 14792 14794 14795 14828 14830 14914 14915 14944 14949 14954 14955 15040 15041 15043 15044 15045 15057 15059 15060 15061 15062 15153 15154 15155 15160 15161 15172 15173 15174 15178 15200 15232 15233https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/807/45?format=asciidefaultJ/ApJ/807/45/table9Candidates accepted by our pipelinerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKIC[2161536/12506770] Kepler Input Catalog Identificationmeta.id.parentintKOI[156.01/5692.01] Kepler Object of Interestmeta.id;meta.mainfloatPer[0.4/236] Orbital perioddtime.perioddoublee_Per[0/0.003] Negative error on Perdstat.errordoubleE_Per[0/0.004] Positive error on Perdstat.error;stat.maxdoubleRp[0.4/11] Planet Radius (1)Earthphys.size.radiusfloate_Rp[0.05/2.1] Negative error on Rpstat.errorfloatE_Rp[0.06/2.1] Positive error on Rpstat.error;stat.maxfloatFp[0.1/551] Insolation Flux received by planet (1)Earthphot.flux;arith.ratiofloate_Fp[0.04/146] Negative error on Fpstat.errorfloatE_Fp[0.05/181] Positive error on Fpstat.error;stat.maxfloatRef[0/6]? Source of planet fit parameters (2)meta.bibintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/807/45/kicStar sample; table added by CDSrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKIC[1162635/12934814] Kepler Input Catalog Identificationmeta.id;meta.mainintprimaryIpDisplay the 2000 injected transit signals for this starmeta.ref.urlcharNcNumber of planet candidates acceptedmeta.numberintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions from KIC catalog (V/133) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from KIC catalog (V/133) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/807/45/table3Injected planets (into 2543 KIC stars)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKIC[1162635/12934814] Kepler Input Catalog Identificationmeta.id;meta.mainintPer[0.5/200] Orbital perioddtime.periodfloatRp[0.5/4] Planet Radius (1)Earthphys.size.radiusfloatFp[0.007/807] Insolation Flux received by planet (1)Earthphot.flux;arith.ratiofloatSt[0/1] Recovery status of injected planet (2)stat.likelihoodfloat