J/ApJ/807/170ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/807/170doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18070170CDSHolczer T.Shporer A.Mazeh T.Fabrycky D.Nachmani G.McQuillan A.,Sanchis-Ojeda R.Orosz J.A.Welsh W.F.Ford E.B.Jontof-Hutter D.2017-10-02T19:28:18Z2015-11-20T14:40:04ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starssolar-system-planetsphotometryMazeh et al. (Paper I: 2015ApJ...800..142M) have presented an approach that can, in principle, use the derived transit timing variation (TTV) of some transiting planets observed by the Kepler mission to distinguish between the prograde and retrograde motion of their orbits with respect to their parent stars' rotation. The approach utilizes TTVs induced by spot-crossing events that occur when the planet moves across a spot on the stellar surface, looking for a correlation between the derived TTVs and the stellar brightness derivatives at the corresponding transits. This can work even in data that cannot temporally resolve the spot-crossing events themselves. Here, we apply this approach to the Kepler KOIs, identifying nine systems where the photometric spot modulation is large enough and the transit timing accurate enough to allow detection of a TTV-brightness-derivatives correlation. Of those systems, five show highly significant prograde motion (Kepler-17b, Kepler-71b, KOI-883.01, KOI-895.01, and KOI-1074.01), while no system displays retrograde motion, consistent with the suggestion that planets orbiting cool stars have prograde motion. All five systems have impact parameter 0.2<~b<~0.5, and all systems within that impact parameter range show significant correlation, except HAT-P-11b where the lack of a correlation follows its large stellar obliquity. Our search suffers from an observational bias against detection of high impact parameter cases, and the detected sample is extremely small. Nevertheless, our findings may suggest that stellar spots, or at least the larger ones, tend to be located at low stellar latitude, but not along the stellar equator, similar to the Sun.2015ApJ...807..170Hhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/807/170CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)J/ApJ/801/3 : Rotation periods for Q3-Q14 KOIs (Mazeh+, 2015)J/ApJ/784/45 : Kepler's multiple planet candidates. III. (Rowe+, 2014)J/ApJS/211/24 : Rotation periods of Kepler MS stars (McQuillan+, 2014)J/ApJS/210/25 : TTVs for 15 planetary pairs. II. (Xie, 2014)J/ApJS/208/16 : Kepler transit timing observations. VIII. (Mazeh+, 2013)J/ApJ/775/L11 : Stellar rotation periods for KOIs (McQuillan+, 2013)J/other/Sci/337.1511 : Kepler-47 transits (Orosz+, 2012)J/ApJ/757/18 : RVs for 16 hot Jupiter host stars (Albrecht+, 2012)J/ApJ/750/114 : Kepler TTVs. IV. 4 multiple-planet systems (Fabrycky+, 2012)J/ApJ/750/113 : Kepler TTVs. II. Confirmed multiplanet systems (Ford+, 2012)J/ApJ/749/15 : The Kepler-20 planetary system (Gautier+, 2012)J/MNRAS/421/2342 : 4 Kepler systems transit timing obs. (Steffen+, 2012)J/ApJS/197/2 : Transit timing observations from Kepler. I. (Ford+, 2011)J/ApJ/733/127 : Four transits of WASP-4b (Sanchis-Ojeda+, 2011)J/AJ/142/160 : Kepler Mission. II. 2165 eclipsing binaries (Slawson+, 2011)J/AJ/141/83 : Eclipsing binaries in Kepler first data release (Prsa+, 2011)J/A+A/527/L11 : HAT-P-6 radial velocity curve (Hebrard+, 2011)J/A+A/524/A25 : Radial Velocities on 6 exoplanet host stars (Triaud+, 2010)J/ApJ/723/L223 : Radial velocities of HAT-P-11 (Winn+, 2010)http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ : NASA exoplanet archivehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/807/170https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/807/170http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/807/170https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/807/170https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/807/170http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/807/170GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/807/170/table2 (Statistical parameters of the transit timing variations (TTVs) and the stellar rotation of the KOIs)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/807/170/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/807/170/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/807/170/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true286.808458349.31638890.0055555555555555564/922 923 933 934 935 944 945 946 5/3645 3646 3647 3683 3704 3706 3729 3730 3731 3788 3789 3792 6/14559 14567 14573 14575 14577 14578 14579 14730 14731 14744 14746 14749 14750 14751 14792 14794 14795 14828 14830 14914 14915 15040 15041 15044 15045 15057 15060 15061 15062 15160 15161 15172 15173 15174 15176 15178 15200 15232https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/807/170?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/807/170/table2Statistical parameters of the transit timing variations (TTVs) and the stellar rotation of the KOIsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler identification number of the starmeta.id.parentintKOI[1.01/5970.01] Planet candidate KOI number (NNNN.NN)meta.id;meta.mainfloatPorb[0.5/298.5] Orbital perioddtime.perioddoubleDepth[27/97317] Transit depth in parts per millionphys.absorption.opticalDepthintProt[0.8/50]? Rotational perioddtime.periodfloatnullableArot[0/32015]? Rotational semi amplitude, parts per million (1)(10-6)src.var.amplitude;phys.mol.rotationintnullableflag[0/2]? Rotational Flag (2)meta.code.errorintnullablegS? Global slopemin/dtime.epochdoublenullablee_gS[0.5/1500000]? Global slope uncertaintymin/dstat.errordoublenullablef_(p-S)Upper limit Flag on (p-S)meta.codechar(p-S)[-7/-0]? log of the p-value of the (gS/e_gS) ratiostat.fit.paramfloatnullableTTV[0/15.8]? Maximum expected TTV due to spot crossingmintime.epochfloatnullablee_TTV[0.06/292.1] Median of TTV uncertaintiesminstat.errorfloatN[1/1502] Number of transit time measurementsmeta.numberintTTVs[0/292.1]? TTV sensitivityinstr.sensitivityfloatnullableMCatSources within 1" from Mazeh+, 2015, J/ApJ/801/3 and 2013, J/ApJS/208/16meta.ref.urlintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions of KIC from NASA exoplanet archive (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions of KIC from NASA exoplanet archive (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/807/170/table1Light curve local slope for KOI transitsflag[0/1] 0 = ok, 1 = identified as an outliermeta.code.errorintdeg[1/6] Polynomial degree, fittedstat.fit.paramintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKOI[1.01/5970.01] Planet KOI number (NNNN.NN)meta.id;meta.mainfloatn[0/2503] Transit numbermeta.numberintttExpected mid transit time of the linear ephemeris (BJD-2454900) (1)dtime.epochdoubles[-266900/297600] Derived local slope, parts per million per day(10-6)/dsrc.var.amplitudedoublee_s[3/30000] Uncertainty in derived local slope, s(10-6)/dstat.errorfloat